유엔해양법협약 상 강제적 분쟁해결제도에 관한 소고
Compulsory Dispute Settlement in the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea
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1982년 유엔해양법협약은 관할 재판소의 구속력 있는 결정을 수반하는 강제절차를포함한 획기적 분쟁해결절차를 도입하였다. 그러나 이 강제적 분쟁해결절차를 적용하는 데에 당사국들이 과도한 재량권을 행사할 수 있는 여지를 마련함으로써 위 절차의 취지를 무색케 하는 경우가 잦았다. 이는 법원칙의 발전 및 적용 시 일관성 및 계속성을 결여함으로써 초래되는 실체적 분화와, 법정의 이용가능성 및 적합성의 기준이 서로 상이하기 때문에 발생하는 절차적 분화를 발생시킬 우려가 있다는 비판으로 이어지게 되었다. 그 동안 국제해양법재판소와 기타 유엔해양법협약 상의 법정들이 관할한 사건을 분석하여 볼 때, 상기한 실체적 분화에 대한 우려는 아직 심각하게 현실화되지는 않았지만, 절차적 분화는 이미 가시화 되었으며 상당히 큰 문제로 대두되고 있다. 특히 당사국들이 유엔해양법협약 강제절차의 적용을 받지 않기 위한 방법을 지속적으로 모색할것임이 충분히 예상될 수 있다는 점에서, 동 협약의 강제적 분쟁해결제도의 미래는 그다지 밝아 보이지 않을 수 있다. 그러나 유엔해양법협약과 동 협약의 강제적 분쟁해결 규정은 아직 초기 단계에 있다. 또한 지금까지의 몇 가지 관행만으로 위 제도에 대한 향후 전망을 하는 것은 다소 성급한 것이라 판단된다. 물론 유엔해양법협약의 강제절차는 당분간 사법적 해결이나 유엔해양법협약 상 환경적 이슈에 관한 분쟁에서 엄격한 사법적 해결책을 제시하거나 그 이슈에 관한 법의 발전에 결정적 기여를 할 것으로 예상되지는 않는다. 그러나 그 제도가 폐지되도록 하기 보다는, 동 협약상의 강제적 분쟁해결체제 내의 법정들이 다양한 분야 및 이슈와 관련하여 관할권을 행사하도록 하여 이를 제도화·정착화 하는 것도 충분히 실현 가능하다. 해양법 및 일반 국제법의 발전에 대한 그들의 기여도는 매우 제한적일 것으로 예상되기는 하지만 이는 순전히 예측일 뿐이다. 국제분쟁의 사법적 해결이 갖는 내재적 특성과 국제법 발전의 속도가 점진적이라는 점을 고려할 때, 결과적으로 유엔해양법협약상의 강제적 분쟁해결에 관한 규정들을 이행하는 것은 지속적으로 국제법의 성장과 지속성에 긍정적 기여를 할 것이 분명하다고 본다.
Abstract
The important purpose of this article is to review the jurisprudence which has emerged pursuant to the compulsory dispute settlement provisions in order to provide a provisional expectation as to the future of compulsory dispute settlement under United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea(hereinafter “UNCLOS”). In doing so, this paper has examined whether the fears of fragmentation have proved justified, and demonstrated that the feared substantive fragmentation in the sense of inconsistent interpretations or applications of legal rules has not yet materialized. Much more fundamental, however, has been the problem of determining the jurisdictional reach of the compulsory dispute settlement provisions in light of the procedural fragmentation caused by a excess of conflicting and overlapping jurisdictions under jurisdictional declarations, parallel treaties and other specialist bodies of international law. In fact, the future does not look overly bright. The most likely implications are that states will continue to find various ways to ensure that disputes do not fall under the Part XV compulsory settlement regime and that, given the very limited number of states which have accepted the jurisdiction of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(hereinafter “ITLOS”) under article 287, ITLOS will continue to be used merely to decide limited numbers of prompt release cases and provisional measures applications pending establishment of Annex VII Tribunals. However, foresight based on only a few practices would be unwise. It is possible that states will seek to make greater use of ITLOS and Annex VII tribunals for the purpose of resolving disputes relating to the freedom of navigation or upon issues regarding the applicable law. While contribution by compulsory dispute settlement provisions under the UNCLOS to the development of the law of the sea and international law in general seems to continue to be limited, implementation of these provisions will undoubtedly continue to contribute to the growth and vitality of the general international law including the law of the sea.
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