天台 智顗의 十二因緣說 고찰

Abstract

This study is a research on the thought of conditioned arising[緣起] of Tiantai Chih-i, focused on the teaching of twelve limbs of dependent origination[十二因緣, TLODO]. Tiantai teaching is generally classfied to the theory of real aspect[實相論], so the Tiantai’s theory of conditioned arising has hardly been studied so far. But, though the conditioned arising[緣起] had barely been told directly by Chih-i, the twelve limbs of dependent origination[十二因緣] which contained the theory of conditioned arising had been taught quite weightly and widely in Tiantai’s lecture. It was preached as the second object in the subtleness of objects(境妙) in Fahua xuanyi(法華玄義). It was sorted in 4 kinds by thinkable, arising and ceasing or not along the conditions of people. The first one is thinkable, arising and ceasing(思義生滅) TLODO. The second one is thinkable, non-arising and non-ceasing(思義不生不滅) TLODO. The third one is unthinkable, arising and ceasing(不思義生滅) TLODO. The last one is unthinkable, non-arising and non-ceasing(不可思議不生不滅) TLODO. Moreover it can include the other objects as ten realitis(十如是), four noble truths(四聖諦) etc and vice versa. Chih-i said that the essence[體] of the Lotus sutra is the reality[實相] and the doctrine[宗] is cause and effect[因果] in Fahua xuanyi. The doctrine is the indispensible way to get the essence. Both of them are not entirely equal nor entirely different, so they are indivisible like that. And there is the detailed way of the practice of TLODO in Mohe zhiguan(摩訶止觀). From this fact, we can find that Chih-i taught TLODO as a practice of perfect and sudden samatha and vippassana[圓頓止觀]. This is no less than the exact way to achieve unthinkable, non-arising and non-ceasing(不可思議不生不滅) TLODO told in Fahua xuanyi.