Experimental investigation of coaxial flow-assisted propane diffusion flames for soot emission reduction
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Hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as propane (LPG), emit pollutants like soot during combustion, which negatively affect human health and the environment. Propane, with lower carbon emissions than diesel and gasoline, is a promising low-carbon bridge fuel. The study investigates nitrogen-diluted propane diffusion flames, specifically examining flame structures by introducing coaxial flow aspiration, where the oxidizer flow is set in the opposite direction to the fuel injection velocity at the nozzle. A total of 72 different mixtures were tested, varying fuel dilution ratios, aspiration flow rates, and nozzle injection velocities. The results identified five distinct flame regimes—Natural Convection-Dominated Flame (Regime I), Inside-Out Soot Flame (Regime II), Mushroom-shaped Flame (Regime III), Cylindrical Flame (Regime IV), and Inhibited Natural Convection Flame (Regime V). As aspiration flow rates increased, the flame structure transitioned from a typical diffusion flame in Regime I to a microgravity-like diffusion-dominated blue flame in Regime V under strong negative coaxial aspiration. Notably, coaxial flow aspiration resulted in soot particle reductions of up to 86%. The study also characterized the normalized flame length and Froude number under the coaxial aspiration conditions, and based on this analysis, proposed a predictive model for flame length as a function of aspiration flow velocity.
Abstract
Hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as propane (LPG), emit pollutants like soot during combustion, which negatively affect human health and the environment. Propane, with lower carbon emissions than diesel and gasoline, is a promising low-carbon bridge fuel. The study investigates nitrogen-diluted propane diffusion flames, specifically examining flame structures by introducing coaxial flow aspiration, where the oxidizer flow is set in the opposite direction to the fuel injection velocity at the nozzle. A total of 72 different mixtures were tested, varying fuel dilution ratios, aspiration flow rates, and nozzle injection velocities. The results identified five distinct flame regimes—Natural Convection-Dominated Flame (Regime I), Inside-Out Soot Flame (Regime II), Mushroom-shaped Flame (Regime III), Cylindrical Flame (Regime IV), and Inhibited Natural Convection Flame (Regime V). As aspiration flow rates increased, the flame structure transitioned from a typical diffusion flame in Regime I to a microgravity-like diffusion-dominated blue flame in Regime V under strong negative coaxial aspiration. Notably, coaxial flow aspiration resulted in soot particle reductions of up to 86%. The study also characterized the normalized flame length and Froude number under the coaxial aspiration conditions, and based on this analysis, proposed a predictive model for flame length as a function of aspiration flow velocity.
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