調律과 調整: 15세기 초ㆍ중반 明이 다이 비엣을 대하는 태도 변화

Abstract

This article examines the Ming attitude toward Dai Viet in the early to mid-fifteenth century, which differed from that of the late fourteenth century, by focusing on the practice of “investigation”. The Xuande emperor, invoking the restoration of the Tran dynasty as his justification, promoted the withdrawal of troops. In the process, however, he failed to achieve his original objectives and instead restored diplomatic relations by appointing Le Loi as regent. Yet in doing so, the Ming failed to secure the initiative. The change in Ming attitudes following the resumption of diplomatic relations can be observed in the way conflicts along the frontier were managed. The procedure of “investigation” was introduced, and this process involved negotiation and mediation. This approach differed from the earlier omniscient posture, in which the Ming assumed they saw through every matter and unilaterally imposed their judgment. It reflected the Ming’s unwillingness to escalate conflicts with the Le dynasty after its “experience of failure” in Vietnam, and emerged in a context where the Le court persistently raised issues and demanded solutions. Later, when a coup took place within the Le dynasty, and the new ruler reported the change and requested investiture, the emperor’s only response to the Board of Rites’ submitted opinion was to instruct that it simply be carried out. In such cases, the Ming emperor Yingzong’s order to “investigate” reflected an indifference and fatigue born of his personal experience, revealing his tendency to leave matters to the operation of established administrative procedures. Moreover, once Beijing had become the settled capital, the physical and psychological distance felt by the emperor likely exerted influence as well. Thus, after the Ming forces withdrew from Vietnam, these historical experiences and changing circumstances significantly influenced the Ming court’s approach to Dai Viet, transforming it into one characterized by negotiation and adjustment.