Ends and Means : Examining China, Japan, and Korea FTA Strategies from a Grand Strategic Perspective
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This paper employs ends and means as analytical tools to investigate the FTA strategies of CJK through the lens of grand strategy. Contrary to the prevailing view in existing literature that the primary objectives of the FTA strategies are only political or economic, this study reveals that all three countries share a common goal: to shape their national image and guide the establishment of an order or norm that aligns with their interests. Specifically, China influences inter-state relations by building trust and connecting political trust with economic cooperation. The goal is to foster the establishment of a new regional order that is not rooted in alliance-based relationships. Japan, on the other hand, leverages ODA and FTA as a multilayered strategy that addresses both economic security and economic cooperation. By branding Mega-FTAs with labels such as 'high standards' and 'regulations,' Japan aims to reclaim its status as a regional leader. Meanwhile, South Korea exhibits traits of mercantilism and economic securitization. Rather than acting as a coordinator, it appears more inclined to enhance its strategic significance and become an object that major powers strive for in competition.
Abstract
This paper employs ends and means as analytical tools to investigate the FTA strategies of CJK through the lens of grand strategy. Contrary to the prevailing view in existing literature that the primary objectives of the FTA strategies are only political or economic, this study reveals that all three countries share a common goal: to shape their national image and guide the establishment of an order or norm that aligns with their interests. Specifically, China influences inter-state relations by building trust and connecting political trust with economic cooperation. The goal is to foster the establishment of a new regional order that is not rooted in alliance-based relationships. Japan, on the other hand, leverages ODA and FTA as a multilayered strategy that addresses both economic security and economic cooperation. By branding Mega-FTAs with labels such as 'high standards' and 'regulations,' Japan aims to reclaim its status as a regional leader. Meanwhile, South Korea exhibits traits of mercantilism and economic securitization. Rather than acting as a coordinator, it appears more inclined to enhance its strategic significance and become an object that major powers strive for in competition.