백제 도로의 분류와 축조방식

Abstract

It is considered that roads in Korea were established and began to be used in a fullfledged manner during the Three Kingdoms period; further, in Baekje, roads were used since the Hanseong period, as remains of the roads have been confirmed in the Pungnaptoseong Fortress and Mongchontoseong Fortress. Since then, numerous remains of roads have been identified in Sabi Castle, where it was considered that a well-organized layout of roads was present in the central area but not in the outer area. The reason is that, unlike the central area, the outskirts were affected by restrictions because of the natural topography shaped by the Busosan and Geumseongsan Mountains as well as by Pilseobong and Wangpocheon. Moreover, there are remains of roads in provinces It is considered that roads in these provinces emerged after the middle 5th century, when Baekje's base cities were formed. On the other hand, based on examination of the records and studies corresponding to the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Joseon Dynasty, the roads were divided into main roads, middle roads, and small roads. When considering the “Guamyugo” (久庵遺槁) by Han Baek Gyeom, who examined the outer part of the Pyongyangseong Fortress in Goguryeo, it can be seen that the main roads are the central roads, the middle roads are the general roads, and the small roads are the roads between the building sites. Thus, as a result of analyzing the roads in Baekje, it was concluded that the overall width of the main roads was over 500 cm, while the middle roads were 250–500 ㎝, and the small roads were less than 250 cm. However, it is argued that the width of a road was also affected by constraints of the topography, space, and time of construction. Additionally, characteristics of the roads in Baekje were identified through elements such as the type of construction. First, in Baekje, unlike Goguryeo and Silla, the method of constructing roads using building stones was very rarely seen. Moreover, cases were identified where oval-shaped pits were installed in the center of the road surface on the roads in Iksan and other provinces; this is also understood as a unique road-related installation in Baekje. In addition, the construction methods in Baekje’s capital cities and provinces are compared. It can be noticed that most of the road surfaces in capital cities were created by the embankment method, whereas most of those in the provinces were created by trenching. However, this aspect is not particular to Baekje; it can also be observed in Silla, Unified Silla, and Goryeo. The reason is that constructing roads through the embankment method required more advanced technology than the trenching method.