Gamma Ray-Inducible alpha-Santalene in Lavender Leaves and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7
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Lavender essential oil is known to exhibit various beneficial effects on the human body; however,its pharmacological anti-inflammatory properties have not been extensively studied. In this study, we performedprofiling analysis of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) leaves in response toionizing γ-radiation, and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of α-santalene, which is induced by γ-irradiation. Following γ-irradiation of lavender leaves, the relative abundance of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, includingα-santalene, α-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, and β-farnesene, increased by more than 160% at 1,000 Gy, with levelsat 0 Gy set as 100%. In contrast, the proportion of total monoterpene hydrocarbons was reduced to less than 0.7-fold at1,000 Gy. Furthermore, α-santalene, the most prominently increased compound following γ-irradiation, significantlyinhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, to a greater extent than theanti-inflammatory effects observed for α-santalol. Collectively, our results demonstrate that α-santalene, a γ-rayinducible volatile compound in lavender leaves, exhibits inhibitory effects on NO production. These findings suggestthat α-santalene may be a promising candidate for the development of therapeutics targeting inflammatory diseases.
Abstract
Lavender essential oil is known to exhibit various beneficial effects on the human body; however,its pharmacological anti-inflammatory properties have not been extensively studied. In this study, we performedprofiling analysis of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) leaves in response toionizing γ-radiation, and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of α-santalene, which is induced by γ-irradiation. Following γ-irradiation of lavender leaves, the relative abundance of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, includingα-santalene, α-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, and β-farnesene, increased by more than 160% at 1,000 Gy, with levelsat 0 Gy set as 100%. In contrast, the proportion of total monoterpene hydrocarbons was reduced to less than 0.7-fold at1,000 Gy. Furthermore, α-santalene, the most prominently increased compound following γ-irradiation, significantlyinhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, to a greater extent than theanti-inflammatory effects observed for α-santalol. Collectively, our results demonstrate that α-santalene, a γ-rayinducible volatile compound in lavender leaves, exhibits inhibitory effects on NO production. These findings suggestthat α-santalene may be a promising candidate for the development of therapeutics targeting inflammatory diseases.