이만수의 『投壺集圖』를 통해 본 조선 후기 投壺遊戱 양상

Abstract

The initial point of departure for this article was my observation that there were very few studies on Tuho, or the game of pitch-pot, one of the traditional amusements in East Asia, especially on how it was performed and played in Korea. The source for earlier studies were limited to History of Goryeo, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, a.k.a., the True Record of the Joseon Dynasty, or some essays that appear in individual writers and intellectuals of Joseon dynasty such as Yi Hwang, Yi Yi, Bak Tae-bo and Hong Jung-sam. Hence, the studies mostly concluded that Tuho was performed only until the mid-Joseon, or viewed it as a means of moral education. However, materials from late Joseon or writings on various pastimes and entertainments by Yu Man-ju show that Tuho was still quite popular in late Joseon. In particular, Yi Man-su compiled the Tuhojipdo(投壺集圖) and established it as his pastime. Until recently, Tuhojipdo was housed in Gyujanggak under the title of Soktuhobo (續投壺譜) and its date and author were unknown. I, however, found the prologue and epilogue to Tuhojip in Yi Man- su's personal collection of literary works which were identical to those of Tuhojipdo and also revealed that the Tuhojipdo's compiler "Seoso juin (書巢主人)" was Yi Man-su's pseudonym. Yi Man-su gathered several of his friends and kin and organized a Tuho society. Tuhojipdo contained the rules and regulations that they followed in this Tuho society. Prior to this, the guidelines for Tuho were mostly provided by the Book of Rites or Sima Guang's New Rules for the Game of Pitch-pot and propriety and balance was emphasized in playing the game. However, Yi Man-su put stress upon the tasteful enjoyment. In particular, he added the new rule of composing a poetry after each game, and deducting the points if one failed to do so. His motivation for writing Tuhojipdo came from his interest in the rules of pitch-pot game that appeared in Jin Ping Mei(金甁梅) or The Plum in the Golden Vase. He named each rule after certain words and phrases from some old writings, but took them out of context and put new meanings to them according to the shapes and circumstances that the arrows were placed in the pot. Tuho has the aspects of both acquiring propriety and entertaining oneself. From fourteenth century to seventeenth century, the emphasis of Tuho was on 'controlling the mind and encouraging virtue', 'tension and relaxation' and 'balanced mind and upright body.' However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the emphasis shifted to livening up the atmosphere of parties or meetings. In this context, Yi Man-su give salience to the aspects that Sima Guang specifically showed concerns and warned about, such as the interesting and eccentric shapes in which the arrow is placed in the pot. It could be said that the entertaining aspect of Tuho was enhanced, unlike how it was played during the Song Dynasty when the principle was particularly emphasized in Confucianism. Yi Man-su created new set of rules for the game of Tuho by combining his reading of Pre-Qin and Han Dyansty writings, The Complete Tang Poetry(全唐詩), Guwen Yuanjian(古文淵鑑), etc. and his interest in poetry writing.