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포스트휴머니즘의 등장과 학습 패러다임의 변화

Emergence of Posthumanism and the Shift of Learning Paradigm

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주제분류교육학

초록

본고는 최근 4차산업혁명으로 대표되는 기술중심 사회의 등장으로 새롭게 주목받고 있는 포스트휴머니즘의 관점에서 학습자에 대한 인식(존재론)과 학습이론(인식론)의 변화가 필요함을 강조하고자 하였다. 이에 대한 보다 구체적인 논의를 위해 포스트휴머니즘의 네 가지 하위 이론인 신물질주의, 행위자-망이론, 객체지향존재론, 그리고 포스트현상학을 중심으로 기술중심 지식생태계에서 학습자와 학습이론에 대한 관점의 변화를 두 가지 연구문제―i) 포스트휴먼 학습자란 어떤 존재인가?, ii) 포스트휴먼 학습이론이란 무엇인가?―를 중심으로 논의하였다. 첫 번째, 포스트휴먼 학습자가 수행하는 포스트휴먼 학습의 성격을 사이보그적 학습, 인공두뇌에 의한 학습, 그리고 네트워크적 학습의 세 가지 특징을 중심으로 설명하였고, 이러한 포스트휴먼 시대의 지식 생태계의 변화에 따라 학습자의 성격이 자연적 존재, 사이보그적 존재, 바이오로이드적 존재, 그리고 인공지능 컴퓨터로 패러다임이 확장되어 감을 지적하였다. 두 번째, 인본주의 학습이론과 포스트휴먼 학습이론의 차이를 인식론적 기반과 학습이론의 유형, 그리고 지식 및 학습자의 성격 측면에서 비교한 후, 포스트휴먼 학습이론의 대표적인 사례로 포스트휴먼-행동주의, 연결주의, 그리고 관계주의 학습이론 세 가지에 대해 그 개념과 성격을 논의하였다. 최근 기술중심사회의 확대로 인해 학습의 성격과 행태가 변화하고 있는 상황에서, 본 논문이 제안한 학습자와 학습이론에 대한 새로운 관점은 교수학습의 이론 및 실천에 대한 학계에 논의를 촉발할 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

This paper discussed how recent technological developments have changed the understanding of learners and the recognition of learning theories based on the lens of newly emerging post-humanism. To address this issue, this paper summoned the four substantial theories of post-humanism ―i.e., new materialism, actor-network theory, object-oriented ontology, and post-phenomenology― and focused on the following research questions: i) what are the characteristics of post-human learners? and ii) what are the alternative post-human learning theories? Regarding the first question, this paper emphasized that post-human learning will include such aspects as cyborg learning, the learning by artificial brain, and networked learning, and consequently, that the characteristics of learners will change from natural or cyborg learners to BIOLOID or AI learners. Considering the second question, this paper compared the humanistic and post-human learning theories in terms of the foundations, types, and traits of learners, and suggested such alternative learning theories as post-human-behaviorism, connectionism, and relationalism. This paper's discussion may provide implications for the directions of learning theories under the trends of technological social shift.

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