인공지능(A.I.)은 윤리적 주체가 될 수 있는가?: 포스트휴머니즘의 관점에서
Can Artificial Intelligence(A.I.) be a Subjective Being for Ethics?: From a Lens of Posthumanism
1
조회
0
다운로드
7
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
최근 인공지능 알고리즘의 급속한 발달로 인해 다양한 인공지능 기계들이 인류의 삶 속에 깊숙이 파고들고 있다. 이에 본고는 인공지능이 윤리적 주체가 될 수 있는가, 즉 윤리적 판단과 행위를 할 수 있는가를 포스트휴머니즘의 관점을 통해 논의하였다. 이를 위한 본고의 구체적인 연구문제는 첫째, 포스트휴머니즘은 어떤 존재론과 윤리관을 가지고 있는가, 둘째, A.I. 윤리를 다루기 위한 포스트휴머니즘의 이론적 관점들은 무엇이며, 윤리적 행위 주체로서 A.I.는 어떤 성격을 가지고 있는가, 그리고 셋째, A.I. 기계들의 확산을 촉발한 확장된 자본주의는 어떤 윤리적 패러다임을 재설정하고 있는가이다. 아울러 세 번째 질문의 구체적 사례로서, 자율주행차의 윤리적 딜레마에 대해 확장된 자본주의의 성격과 그에 대한 비판적 포스트휴머니즘의 관점을 통해 논의하였다. 이 논의를 통해 본고는 ‘A.I. 윤리’는 기술적 존재(즉, A.I.)가 윤리적 주체성을 띠고 윤리적 판단과 행위를 수행하게 되는 포스트휴먼적 환경에 대한 이해를 기반으로 다루어져야 하며, 그 윤리적 판단의 준거는 탈인본주의적 관점들(생태페미니즘, 객체지향존재론, 그리고 비대표성이론)을 통해 논의되어야 함을 강조하였다. 본고의 논의는 A.I. 윤리에 대한 최근 과학기술 영역에서의 열띤 논쟁에 의미 있는 시사점을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Due to the sheer development of artificial intelligence (henceforth, A.I.) algorithm, diverse A.I. machines pave their way into the deep levels of human lives. Under these circumstances, this paper discussed what the ethical principles and criteria of A.I. should be with a lens of posthumanism. To address this theme, this paper focused on the following concrete research questions: First, what onto-epistemological and ethical perspectives does posthumanism have? Second, what can the specific theories of posthumanism deal with the issues of A.I. ethics and what are the characteristics of A.I. as the ethical subject? Third, what ethical paradigm is required under the milieu of advanced capitalism that stimulates the spread of A.I. machines? To concentrate on the third question, this paper gave the example of the dilemma of autonomous driving vehicles by juxtaposing the properties of advanced capitalism and the judgment of critical posthumanism on it. The core argument of this paper is that A.I. could be an ethical subject and, thus, A.I. ethics should be discussed with the theories of posthumanism (e.g., eco-feminism, object oriented ontology, non-representative theory, etc.). This paper’s arguments may give some theoretical insights on the issues of A.I. ethics.
참고문헌 (121)
- Ahmanson, R. G., "The new dignity", Journal of Christian Legal Thought, 7(1), pp.10~12 (2017)
- Allen, C., "Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of robotics", pp.55~68 (2012), MIT Press
- Ashby, W. R., "An introduction to cybernetics" (1961), Chapman & Hall Ltd
- Barad, K., "Posthumanist performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter", Signs : Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), pp.801~831 (2003)
- Barile, S., "Smart service systems and viable service systems: Applying systems theory to service science", Service Science, 2(1-2), pp.21~40 (2010)[DOI]
- Barreto, J. M., "Ethics of emotions as ethics of human rights: A jurisprudence of sympathy in Adorno, Horkheimer and Rorty", Law and Critique, 17(1), pp.73~106 (2006)[DOI]
- Bennett, J., "The nonhuman turn", pp.223~239 (2015), University of Minnesota Press
- "What is object-oriented ontology?: A definition for ordinary folk" (2009)[URL]
- Bonnefon, J. F., "The trolley, the bull bar, and why engineers should care about the ethics of autonomous cars", IEEE, 107(3), pp.502~504 (2019)[DOI]
- "The transhumanist FAQ. World Transhumanist Association" (2003)[URL]
- Bostrom, N., "In defense of posthuman dignity", Bioethics, 19(3), pp.202~214 (2005)[DOI]
- Braidotti, R., "Posthuman, all too human: Towards a new process ontology", Theory, Culture & Society, 23(7), pp.197~208 (2006)[DOI]
- Braidotti, R., "Posthuman humanities", European Educational Research Journal, 12(1), pp.1~19 (2013)[DOI]
- Braidotti, R., "Critical posthumanism and planetary futures", pp.13~32 (2016), Springer
- Brown, B. A., "Primitive digital accumulation: Privacy, social networks, and biopolitical exploitation", Rethinking Marxism, 25(3), pp.385~403 (2013)[DOI]
- Bundy, A., "Smart machines are not a threat to humanity", Communications of the ACM, 60(2), pp.40~42 (2017)[DOI]
- Burns, T. W., "John Courtney Murray, religious liberty, and modernity: Part I: Inalienable natural rights", Logos : A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 17(2), pp.13~38 (2014)[DOI]
- Callon, M., "Techno-economic networks and irreversibility", The Sociological Review, 38(1_suppl), pp.132~161 (1990)[DOI]
- Casey, J., "The autonomy of art: John Casey" (1972), Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement
- Ceder, S., "Towards a posthuman theory of educational relationality" (2018), Routledge
- Chambers, I., "Culture after humanism: History, culture, subjectivity" (2013), Routledge
- Charlton, W., "Spinoza's Monism", The Philosophical Review, 90(4), pp.503~529 (1981)
- Charteris, J., "Innovative learning environments and new materialism : A conjunctural analysis of pedagogic spaces", Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(8), pp.808~821 (2017)[DOI]
- Clark, A., "Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence" (2003), OXFORD
- Coeckelbergh, M., "AI ethics" (2020), MIT Press
- Connolly, W. E., "The ‘new materialism’ and the fragility of things", Millennium : Journal of International Studies, 41(3), pp.399~412 (2013)[DOI]
- Couture, J., "Introduction : The ages of metaethics", Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 21(0), pp.1~30 (1995)[DOI]
- Cowles, H. C., "The trend of ecological philosophy", The American Naturalist, 43(510), pp.356~368 (1909)
- Cunneen, M., "Artificial driving intelligence and moral agency : Examining the decision ontology of unavoidable road traffic accidents through the prism of the trolley dilemma", Applied Artificial Intelligence, 33(3), pp.267~293 (2019)[DOI]
- Curran, J., "Media and power" (2012), Routledge
- David, P. R., "Crime prevention and justice in 2030", pp.313~336 (2021), Springer
- Davies, T., "Humanism" (2008), Routledge
- de Freitas, E., "New materialist approaches to the study of language and identity : Assembling the posthuman subject", Curriculum Inquiry, 45(3), pp.249~265 (2015)[DOI]
- Derrida, J., "The animal that therefore I am" (2008), Fordham Univ Press
- Dewsbury, J. D., "Enacting geographies", Geoforum, 4(33), pp.437~440 (2002)
- Dukas, R., "Evolutionary biology of animal cognition", Annual Review of Ecological Evolution System, 35(0), pp.347~374 (2004)[DOI]
- Dunn, R. G., "Self, identity, and difference : Mead and the poststructuralists", The Sociological Quarterly, 38(4), pp.687~705 (1997)
- Fersht, A. R., "AlphaFold : A personal perspective on the impact of machine learning", Journal of Molecular Biology, 433(20), pp.1~4 (2021)[DOI]
- Forlano, L., "Posthumanism and design", She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 3(1), pp.16~29 (2017)[DOI]
- Foucault, M., "The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France" (2008), Springer
- "Transhumanism" (2009)[URL]
- Gams, M., "Mind versus computer: Were Dreyfus and Winograd right?", pp.30~45 (1997), IOS Press
- Geerts, E., "Ethico-onto-epistemology", Philosophy Today, 63(4), pp.915~925 (2019)[DOI]
- Gilroy, P., "Race and the right to be human" (2009), Universiteit Utrecht
- "Q&A: Pets are becoming people, legally speaking" (2014)[URL]
- Grissinger, M., "Understanding human over-reliance on technology", Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 44(6), pp.320~375 (2019)
- Hallen, P., "Careful of science : A feminist critique of science", The Trumpeter, 6(1), pp.3~8 (1989)
- Haney, W. S., "Cyberculture, cyborgs and science fiction: Consciousness and the posthuman", 48(2), pp.426~ (2006)
- Harari, Y. N., "Sapiens: A brief history of humankind" (2014), Random House
- Haraway, D., "A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism", Socialist Review, 15(2), pp.65~107 (1985)
- Harman, G., "Object-oriented ontology: A new theory of everything" (2018), Penguin Books UK
- Haslam, N., "Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman: Contrasting humans with nonhumans in three cultures", Social Cognition, 26(2), pp.248~258 (2008)[DOI]
- Hayles, N. K., "How we became posthuman: Virtual bodies. Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics", Public Understanding of Science, 9(4), pp.464~ (2000)[DOI]
- 김세희, "사회적 갈등 해소를 위한 학교 교육의 실천 방향: 젠더불평등을 중심으로", Global Creative Leader: Education & Learning, 10(1), pp.285~302 (2020), 영재교육연구소[DOI]
- Herbrechter, S., "Posthumanism : A critical analysis" (2013), A&C Black
- Holland, D., "The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky", pp.101~135 (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Hughes, T. P., "The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology", pp.45~76 (2012), The MIT Press
- Hultman, K., "Challenging anthropocentric analysis of visual data: A relational materialist methodological approach to educational research", International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 23(5), pp.525~542 (2010)[DOI]
- Jackson, W. T., "Seneca and Kant: Or an exposition of Stoic and rationalistic ethics, with a comparison and criticism of the two systems" (1881), United Brethern Publishing House
- Jandrić, P., "Postdigital ecopedagogies: Genealogies, contradictions, and possible futures", Postdigital Science and Education (2020)[DOI]
- Johansson, L., "The functional morality of robots", International Journal of Technoethics(IJT), 1(4), pp.65~73 (2010)[DOI]
- Knappett, C., "Material agency: Towards a non-anthropocentric approach" (2008), Springer Science & Business Media
- Kochen, M., "The future of AI and human flexibility", Human Systems Management, 5(2), pp.159~162 (1985)[DOI]
- Koschuch, M., "Safety & security in the context of autonomous driving", 2019 IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (2019)
- Kurzweil, R., "The singularity is near: When humans transcend biology" (2005), Penguin
- 권숙진, "예비유아교사의 인공지능과 인공지능 교수에 대한 인식", Global Creative Leader: Education & Learning, 8(4), pp.87~102 (2018), 영재교육연구소[DOI]
- Latour, B., "One more turn after the social turn: Easing science studies into the non-modern world" (1992), Notre Dame University Press
- Latour, B., "We have never been modern" (2013), Harvard university press
- Lieberman, P., "Toward an evolutionary biology of language" (2006), Harvard University Press
- 임미가, "인공지능 윤리 연구에 관한 체계적 문헌고찰", 倫理硏究, 1(135), pp.47~66 (2021), 한국윤리학회[DOI]
- Lorimer, H., "Cultural geography: The busyness of being", Progress in Human Geography, 29(1), pp.83~94 (2005)[DOI]
- Luengo-Oroz, M., "Solidarity should be a core ethical principle of AI", Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(11), pp.494~494 (2019)[DOI]
- Luisetti, F., "Geopower : On the states of nature of late capitalism", European Journal of Social Theory, 22(3), pp.342~363 (2019)[DOI]
- Maclure, J., "Reflections on artificial intelligence for humanity", pp.116~126 (2021), Springer
- MacLure, M., "Qualitative inquiry in neoliberal times", pp.48~58 (2017), Routledge
- Mann, N., "The origins of humanism" (1996), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance humanism
- Martín-Lucas, B., "Posthumanist feminism and interspecies affect in Nalo Hopkinson’s midnight robber", Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice, 38(2), pp.105~115 (2017)
- Mbembe, A., "Foucault in an age of terror", pp.152~182 (2008), Palgrave Macmillan
- Mele, C., "A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications", Service Science, 2(1-2), pp.126~135 (2010)[DOI]
- Mendible, M., "Introduction: Race, politics, and the humanities in an age of “posts”: Rethinking the human", race, 2017, pp.6(1), 5~
- Miah A., "Medical enhancement and posthumanity", pp.71~94 (2008), Springer
- Minsky, M. L., "Why people think computers can't", AI Magazine, 3(4), pp.3~ (1982)[DOI]
- Moore, J. W., "The Capitalocene, Part I : On the nature and origins of our ecological crisis", The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(3), pp.594~630 (2017)[DOI]
- Morton, T., "Here comes everything : The promise of object-oriented ontology", Qui Parle : Critical Humanities and Social Sciences, 19(2), pp.163~190 (2011)
- Murdoch, J., "The spaces of actor-network theory", Geoforum, 29(4), pp.357~374 (1998)[DOI]
- Negri, A., "Empire" (2000), Harvard University Press
- Neimanis, A., "What if culture was nature all along", pp.179~198 (2017), New Materialisms
- Nourbakhsh, I. R., "AI and Humanity" (2020), Mit Press
- 박휴용, "다문화사회를 위한 인격교육의 성격과 방향", 인격교육, 7(2), pp.45~67 (2013), 한국인격교육학회
- Paul, P., "Informatics : Foundation, nature, types and allied areas-An educational & analytical investigation", International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 8(1), pp.1~9 (2020)[DOI]
- Peters, M. A., "Viral modernity? Epidemics, infodemics, and the ‘bioinformational’ paradigm", Educational Philosophy and Theory, pp.1~9 (2020)[DOI]
- Plumwood, V., "Nature as agency and the prospects for a progressive naturalism", Capitalism Nature Socialism, 12(4), pp.3~32 (2001)
- Popovici, F. G., "The paradise revealed: The promised land of technology in the posthuman era", Literature, Discourses and the Power of Multicultural Dialogue, 5(0), pp.370~375 (2017)
- Postma, D., "The ethics of becoming in a pedagogy for social justice. A posthumanist perspective", South African Journal of Higher Education, 30(3), pp.310~328 (2016)[DOI]
- Pranaykumar, P., "Human consciousness and artificial intelligence: Can AI develop human-like consciousness? Cognitive abilities? What about Ethics?", Cognitive Abilities (2021)[DOI]
- Prinsloo, M., "The new literacies as placed resources : research : Information and communication technologies", Perspectives in Education, 23(1), pp.87~98 (2005)
- Rakowski, R., "Ethical aspects of the impact of AI : The status of humans in the era of artificial intelligence", Society, 58(0), pp.196~203 (2021)[DOI]
- Salleh, A., "Ecofeminism as politics: Nature, Marx and the postmodern" (2017), Zed Books
- Sandel, M. J., "Justice: A reader" (2007), Oxford University Press on Demand
- Searle, J. R., "Minds, brains, and programs", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), pp.417~424 (1980)[DOI]
- Segal, J. M., "Agency and alienation: A theory of human presence" (1996), Rowman & Littlefield
- Shin, D. H., "Application of actor-network theory to network neutrality in Korea: Socio-ecological understanding of network dynamics", Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), pp.436~451 (2016)[DOI]
- Smith, D. W., "Deleuze and ethics", pp.123~141 (2011), Edinburgh University Press
- Snaza, N., "Toward a posthumanist education", Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 30(2), pp.39~55 (2014)
- Tatnall, A., "The internet of things and beyond : Rise of the non-human actors", International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation, 7(4), pp.56~67 (2015)[DOI]
- Taylor, T. L., "The social life of avatars. computer supported cooperative work", pp.40~62 (2002), Springer
- Theodorou, A., "Towards ethical and socio-legal governance in AI", Nature Machine Intelligence, 2(1), pp.10~12 (2020)[DOI]
- Thrift, N., "Spatial formations (Vol. 42)" (1996), Sage
- Thrift, N., "Still life in nearly present time: The object of nature", Body & Society, 6(3-4), pp.34~57 (2000)[DOI]
- Thrift, N., "Non-representational theory: Space, politics, affect" (2007), Routledge
- Ulmer, J. B., "Posthumanism as research methodology: Inquiry in the Anthropocene", International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30(9), pp.832~848 (2017)[DOI]
- van der Zaag, A. C., "On posthuman subjectivity", Journal of Cultural Economy, 9(3), pp.330~336 (2016)[DOI]
- Vannini, P., "Non-representational methodologies", pp.11~28 (2015), Routledge
- Waytz, A., "The mind in the machine : Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52(0), pp.113~117 (2014)[DOI]
- Weitzenfeld, A., "An overview of anthropocentrism, humanism, and speciesism in critical animal theory", Counterpoints, 448(0), pp.3~27 (2014)
- Whitehead, A. N., "Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead (Vol. 84)" (2001), David R. Godine Publisher
- Whittaker, J., "The cyberspace handbook" (2004), Routledge
- Wilson, S., "Is the future more or less human? Differing views of humanness in the posthumanism debate", Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(2), pp.247~266 (2009)[DOI]
- Wolfe, C., "What is posthumanism?" (2010), University of Minnesota Press
- Wolfson, O., "A relational-database methodology for incorporating consciousness into AI agents", Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness, 8(1), pp.67~80 (2021)[DOI]
- Wolkenstein, A., "What has the Trolley Dilemma ever done for us (and what will it do in the future)? On some recent debates about the ethics of self-driving cars", Ethics and Information Technology, 20(3), pp.163~173 (2018)[DOI]
