약물사범에 대한 치료적 개입시스템과 전환프로그램 - 미국의 약물법원을 중심으로 -
A review of the treatment intervention for the drug abuser - Focused on Drug Court systems in the United States -
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미국에서는 수십 년간의 약물사범에 대한 형사적 대처가 큰 효과를 내지 못하면서, 약물사범에 대한 철저한 단속과 처벌 못지않게 약물남용자에 대한 치료나 재활에 중점을 두는 근본적인 해결책이 절실하다는 점을 인식하게 되었다. 이러한 상황인식의 전환은 법원을 중심으로 한 약물사범에 대한 재판에도 변화를 가져왔다. 증가하는 약물사범에 대한 재판 수요에 대처하기 위하여 보다 신속하면서도 효과적인 재판시스템을 고민하게 된 것이다. 그에 따라 약물사범에 대하여 전면적인 형사벌의 투입보다는 치료처우의 수용 정도에 따라 제한적으로 형사적 제재를 부과하는 시스템을 구상하기에 이르렀다. 여기서 비형사적 처우를 표방하면서 약물사범에 대한 치료중심의 통합적인 솔루션으로 등장한 것이 바로 약물법원이다. 미국에서 1989년에 처음 도입된 이래 지금은 거의 모든 주에서 채택하고 있는 약물법원은 약물남용자에 대한 법원의 정규적 감독․통제와 효과적이고 개별화된 장기치료를 결합한 것이다. 약물사범이 약물중독과의 연쇄고리를 끊고 이에 수반하던 범죄로부터 단절할 수 있도록, 약물법원을 중심으로 집중적인 사법감시와 필요적 약물검사, 치료중심의 처우와 그에 상응한 보상체계를 투입하는 체제이다. 약물법원에서는 시설 내에서가 아니라 사회 내에서 약물사범에게 중독과 의존을 치료하기 위한 맞춤형 집중치료를 제공하면서, 약물사범과 관련 자원들이 적극적으로 참여하여 반복되는 약물범죄의 굴레를 스스로 벗어나도록 체계적 기틀을 마련해주는 역할을 한다. 약물법원은 약물남용자나 약물과 관련된 범죄자를 기계적으로 형사사법절차에 종속시키기 보다는 적절한 치료처우로 전환시킴으로써 재사회화를 촉진시킨다는 이념을 지향한다. 지난 20년간 미국에서 확대 운용되어온 약물법원은 대체로 약물사범에 대한 치료처우와 형사벌을 적절히 조합한 효과적인 사법시스템이라는 평가를 받고 있다. 약물문제가 날로 심각해져 가는 우리나라도 이제 약물사범의 재범을 방지하면서 재사회화를 적극적으로 유도할 수 있는 통합적 관리시스템이 절실한 시점에 이르렀다. 약물법원의 도입가능성을 검토하기 위한 전제로서 미국의 현행 약물법원을 면밀히 검토할 필요가 있다. 이는 약물사범에 대한 치료중심의 전환프로그램이 우리 시스템에 도입가능한 효과적인 접근법인지 확인하는 계기가 될 것이다.
Abstract
This study describes the American drug courts in terms of their origins, components, current situations, and evaluations. In the United States, drug use has shaped the criminal justice system over the decades. Drug offenders move through the criminal justice system in a predictable pattern: arrest, prosecution, conviction, incarceration, and release. The criminal justice system is ineffective at addressing drug abuse. The segment of society using drugs expanded, and the number of drug arrests surged. As law enforcers redoubled their efforts, America's prisons were filled. These efforts simply sped up the revolving door from court to jails and prisons and back again. In response, innovative jurisdictions began to reexamine the relationship between criminal justice processing and drug treatment services. It became increasingly apparent that treatment providers and criminal justice practitioners shared common goals: stopping the illicit use and abuse of all addictive substances and curtailing related criminal activity. Thus, the concept of treatment-oriented drug courts was born. In 1989 an experiment began in Florida in which non-violent offenders were offers drug treatment program, directly supervised by the court. This structure is designed to actively conduct and support the notion of compulsory treatment. The goal of drug courts is to reduce the cases of drugs and related criminal activities. drug courts offer a mandatory choice for persons whose crimes stem from drug use. For successful completion of the treatment program, the court may dismiss the original charge, reduce or set aside a sentence, offer some lesser penalty through a combination of judicial supervision, treatment, drug testing, incentives, sanctions, and case management. drug courts did not develop in a vacuum. They are an outgrowth of the continuing development of community-based team-oriented approaches that have their roots in innovative programs developed by pretrial, probation, and parole agencies, as well as treatment-based partnerships such as TASC. Community Courts, encouraged by the success of drug courts, have emerged over the past several years to include domestic violence courts, DUI courts, juvenile and family drug courts. These courts are designed to reflect community concerns and priorities, access community resources, include community organizations, and seek general community participation and support. drug courts contribute to reduce recidivism, to improve the security of society and to cut down government expenses, as well as personal development and family welfare. drug courts and other new and innovative community-based court programs making up the community court field are part of the community justice field.
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