20세기 전후 동아시아 조산제도의 성립과 발전

Abstract

On August 1874, Meiji government promulgated “Laws for Medical System” which regulated to control unlicensed midwives rather than raise modern midwives. On July 1899, “Midwife Regulation” regulated to train modern midwives. That conferred midwife’s license to more than twenty-year old ladies who had passed the midwifery exam. After 1910, those who had graduated from the midwifery school and attended the institute course designated by Interior Ministry could acquire midwife’s license. The midwifery exam made the modern midwife expand in Japan. After mid-1910s, the number of modern midwives began to overwhelm that of traditional midwives thanks to the midwifery exam. After 1933, Japanese midwife exam was available in Japanese Empire including Korea, Taiwan, and Guandong Territory. Taiwanese midwives started to be trained modern midwifery after “Midwifery Student Regulation” made on July 1907. On October 1923, “Taiwan Midwife Regulation” systemically regulated about the midwife’s license. To get the midwife’s license, one should pass midwifery exam or graduate the department of midwife in midwifery course of Taiwan General-Residency Hospital. Taiwanese modern midwife ratio achieved 50% during the Japanese colonial period. It seemed to be successful in terms of new midwife’s number. On March 1907, the official system of Daehan Hospital established by General-Residency regulated the raising of midwife. On Feb. 1910, “Daehan Hospital Medical School Regulation” systemically regulated about the midwifery education. On July 1914, “Midwife Regulation” regulated graduates from the midwifery course of General-Residency Hospital and Province Charity Hospital could get the midwife’s license. By the midwifery exam and midwifery education, while the number of Korean licensed midwife increased from 20 in 1910 to 827 in 1942, that of Japanese increased from 172 to 1,263 in the same period. However, most licensed midwives stayed at Seoul and downtown area, most of them got midwife’s license by midwifery exam. On August 1928, Nanjing national government regulated “Midwife Ordinance”. This ordinance defined the midwife’s qualification as graduates from two-year-midwife school or school dropouts with helping delivery career more than three years. On May 1929, revised “Midwife Ordinance” lowered the midwife’s qualification and tried to produce the licensed midwife by midwifery exam. However, we can find the most licensed midwife in 1930s Beiping not by midwifery exam but by training traditional midwife. Like this, Japanese “Midwife Regulation” had effect on Japanese Empire and her colony. To get more modern midwives, they used the midwifery exam and the midwifery training program. Though East Asian country raised many modern midwives, the number of midwives was different in every country. Especially, while the number of total population per one midwife was 12,000-16,000 in 1930-40s Korea, it was 1,200 and 3,000-4,000 in the same period Japan and Taiwan respectively.