근대일본의 의사면허의 변천: 의제부터 의사법까지

Abstract

In Japan, the modern medical and health administrative framework was created by the implementation of Isei, which was enacted in 1874. The qualification of general practitioners (medical doctors) and their duties were determined by the law. Existing medical doctors could get a temporary license to practice medicine; however, the new rules required medical doctors to pass a qualifying examination (醫術開業試驗, Ijutsu kaigyo siken), which eventually asked questions concerning modern western medical knowledge. New institutions for medical education were built and produced medical doctors educated under the new scheme. By consolidating regulations related to medical and health administration, medical doctors who studied western medical education performed a primary role in medical and health administration. Most doctors trained in traditional chinese medicine and Rangaku (蘭學) became excluded from the medical and health administration gradually. The Medical Act (舊醫師法, kyu-Ishiho) was legislated in 1906 and provided new stipulations for the granting of medical licenses. Only those who graduated from domestic and foreign medical schools became accepted as medical doctors. As a result, the examination for qualifying medical doctors was no longer used. This meant that the new medical license signified a certain status for medical doctors. During wartime, medical doctors were insufficient, and doctors trained as technicians were mass produced. This detracted from the quality of medical doctors and the medical care system, so a new Medical Act (醫師法, Ishiho) was established in 1948 after the war. It enacted a provision for the qualification of medical doctors. They were required to have formal medical school education, pass the National Medical Practitioners Qualifying Examination (醫師國家試驗, Ishikokkashiken), and train at a hospital for a year in an internship system.