<스모크 시그널스>의 재현 전략: 스테레오타입 이미지 담론과 전복
The Representation Strategy of Smoke Signals : Discourse and Subversion of Stereotypical Images
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본 논문은 <스모크 시그널스>(1998)에서 인디언 스테레오타입이 재현되고 점차 전복되는 방식을 탐구함으로써 작가와 감독에 의해 의도된 스테레오타입 이미지의 활용전략을 밝혀내는것을 그 목적으로 한다. <스모크 시그널스>는 셔먼 알렉시의 단편 소설집 고독한 보안관과톤토가 천국에서 주먹다짐하다 에 실린 「이것이 애리조나 피닉스를 말하는 것을 의미한다」 외몇 편의 단편을 각색한 영화로서, 본고는 영화와 단편 소설을 비교함으로써 인디언 스테레오타입 재현에 대한 각각의 영향력과 효과를 분석한다. 관련 장면들의 상세한 분석은 백인을 포함한 인디언의 스테레오타입 이미지가 재현되는 방식뿐만 아니라 네이티브 아메리칸 공동체의현실과 미래를 이끌어 줄 인디언 이미지의 새로운 비전이 효과적으로 재현되는 방식을 조명한다. <스모크 시그널스>는 한 예로 오프닝과 연이은 장면들에서 빅터의 아버지인 아놀드라는캐릭터를 통해 ‘술에 취한 인디언’ 스테레오타입 이미지의 근본 원인을 역사적, 사회적, 개인적 관점에서 밝히고, 불이 상징하는 바를 드러낸다. 영화는 또한 내러티브가 전개됨에 따라 주인공 빅터가 변화하며 정체성을 형성하고 그의 과거와 유산에 대한 자각과 극복을 바탕으로주체적인 인간으로 성장해 나가는 것을 보여준다. 요컨대 알렉시의 <스모크 시그널스>와 그의 다른 작품들에서 현대 인디언에 대한 재현은 주류사회에서 지배적인 스테레오타입 이미지를수정하고 전복하는 시도로서 이해되어야 한다.
Abstract
This paper explores how various Indian stereotypes are represented and simultaneously subverted in the 1998 film Smoke Signals to suggest that such representations are part of the strategies of using stereotype images intended by the writer and director. By comparing Sherman Alexie’s original short story, “This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona” and other stories in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven and the movie itself, this paper analyzes the influence and effect of each work on the representation of the Indian stereotype. The detailed analysis of relevant sequences in this paper illustrates how stereotypical images, including those of white people, are reproduced in Smoke Signals, along with how the film effectively demonstrates a new vision of the Indian image, shedding light on the reality and the future of Native American communities. Smoke Signals, for instance, reveals the root cause of the stereotype image of “drunken Indians” in terms of the historical, social, and personal perspectives via the opening and its successive sequence; this is accomplished through the character of Arnold, Victor’s father, and the symbol of fire. The film also depicts how the main character-Victor-changes, forms his identity, and grows into an autonomous figure during the narrative, based upon the realization and overcoming of his past and heritage. As such, Alexie’s representation of modern Indians in Smoke Signals, and in other works, should be understood as an attempt to correct and subvert the conventional stereotypes still dominant among mainstream audiences.
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