프랭크 L. 라이트의 유기체주의적 건축과 철학적 영향
Frank L. Wright’s Organicism and Its Philosophical Background
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유기체주의와 생태 담론에서는 인간-비인간 사이의 위계를 없애고 상호 영향 관계로 보는 존재론적 논의가 이어지고 있다. 이때 19세기-20세기 초 미국의 자연주의 철학이 종종 언급되기는 하지만, 이는 역사적 담론의 계보에서 충분히 자리매김하지 못하고, 이들이 조형예술에 미친 영향에 대한 연구도 미흡하다. 건축ㆍ디자인에서 유기적ㆍ생태적 디자인은 재생가능한 소재의 사용, 친자연적 공간 구성을 중심으로 윤리적 접근에 집중해 있고, 인간-비인간 또는 주체-객체에 대한 존재론적 담론과 실천적 적용은 활발히 전개되지 못하는 것이 현실이다. 19세기-20세기 초, 유럽과의 교류 속에서 전개된 미국의 철학, 그리고 이에 깊이 영향을 받은 건축ㆍ디자인을 살펴봄으로써 생태론에 대한 존재론적 논의의 역사를 분명히 하고, 당시 건축가ㆍ디자이너들의 조형적 시도를 구체적으로 파악할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 당시 유기체주의 개념에 천착했던 프랭크 L. 라이트를 중심으로, 그에게 영향을 미친 여러 철학적 사고(초월주의 및 경험론)를 탐구한다. 그리고 유기체주의 개념이 반영된 대표적인 사례로 20세기 초ㆍ중반에 진행된 그의 유소니언 하우스 프로젝트를 분석한다. 이를 통해 라이트의 유기체주의 개념의 특성을 명확히 이해하고, 이에 기반한 디자인이 형상적 재현에서 공간적 시스템으로 변화하는 과정을 분석한다.
Abstract
The organicism and ecological discourse has developed the ontological discussion, regarding human and non-human relationship as horizontal without hierarchy. Although the American naturalists’ approach of the late 19th century and 20th century is often mentioned in this discussion, it has not clearly positioned in the ecological discourse and few research has been done on its philosophical influence on art. A study on American philosophies in the 19th and early 20th century, and on the architecture/design will articulate the ontological discourse in modern philosophies and the ways in which architects/ designers’ formal attempts based on them. This study examines Frank L. Wright who devoted himself to the idea of organicism, analyzing his Usonian House project in the early-mid 20th century as an exemplary case of his organic architecture, and demonstrating his attempt to shift the formal representation of organic architecture to create an organic spatial system.
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