도움닫기 거리의 변화가 초등학교 아동의 멀리뛰기 발구름 동작에 미치는 영향
The Effect of Run-Up Distance on Long-Jump Takeoff Motion Performed by Elementary School Athletics
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본 연구는 초등학교 아동을 대상으로 멀리뛰기 도움닫기 거리 변화(15m, 25m, 30m)에 따른 발구름 동작 형태간의 관계를 규명하고, 아동의 발달학적 측면에서 초등학교 학생의 멀리뛰기 동작의 정량적인 자료를 확보하여 초등학교 현장에서 효율적인 멀리뛰기 지도 방안을 모색하는데 있다. 멀리뛰기 동작 분석은 DLT를 이용한 3차원 영상 분석법을 이용하였고 저역통과필터(Lowpass Filter)방법에 의해 스무딩(smoothing)하였으며, cut off frequency는 6.0 Hz로 하여 3차원 좌표값을 계산하였다. 멀리뛰기의 발구름 동작을 개선하여 최대의 도약 거리를 획득하기 위해서는 구름발이 이지(離地)하는 순간에 신체 중심을 높게 하고 도약 속도를 줄이지 않도록 하면서 최적 도약 각도를 유지하는 것이 효율적인 동작이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 도움닫기와 발구름 준비 단계에서 획득한신체 중심의 속도를 줄이지 않고 구름발이 지면에 떨어지는 순간까지 유지를 하면서 최적의 도약 각도로 도약하기 위해서는 구름발의 순발력이 매우 중요한 요인으로 작용한다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 도약 속도를 최대한 유지하면서 최적의 도약 각도에 접근한 도움닫기 거리는 25m로나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 초등학교 체육수업 현장에서 멀리뛰기 기술을 지도할 때 멀리뛰기동작에 대한 정확한 진단 및 평가를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 경기력 향상 측면에서초등학교 멀리뛰기 선수 및 코치들에게 멀리뛰기 운동 수행을 개선시킬 수 있는 자료를 제공할것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
The long jump motion is considered as simple projectile motion, the flight distance is determined by the initial state of athlete's motion which include the take off velocity, take off angle, angular momentum at the moment of takeoff. However, due to the construction of human body distinctive movement patterns during the run-up, takeoff, flight, and landing phases are evolved. This study was conducted to investigate the long jump takeoff motion effect of 15m, 25m, and 35m run-up distance by performed elementary school athletes. Sixteen elementary school male athletes who achieved at least the 3rd place in the long jump at the Korea Gangwon-Do elementary school track and field meetings were selected as subjects. The long jump motions performed by the subjects were recorded using two 8mm cameras at the nominal speed of 90 frames per second. The Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final stage of data extraction. KWON 3D motion analysis package program was used to compute the 3 Dimensional coordinates, smoothing factor in which the lowpass filtering method was used and cutoff frequency was 6.0 Hz. The movement patterns during foot touchdown and takeoff for takeoff phase were related with the biomechanical consideration. Within the limitations of this study it is concluded:At 25m run-up distance, the takeoff velocity in long jump was the fastest. The body C.O.G(Center of Gravity) height should be raised at the instant of leg touchdown and takeoff during the running than 35m run-up distance. As increase the takeoff velocity, while taking a slightly greater body lean angle within the range of the subject's long jump motion during takeoff-foot touchdown and takeoff phase would reult in greater flight distance. And, when the run-up distance was 25m, the angular velocity of foot joint torsion increase. The angular velocity of foot joint torsion of the 25m run-up distance is larger than that of other run-up distance at touchdown and takeoff phase. In order to get rid of the joint injuries, as the takeoff velocity increase, the supination must be increased. Also, as the takeoff velocity increase, the angular velocity of Achilles tendon increase at the touchdown and takeoff phase. Because the increasing takeoff velocity make up ankle ligament injuries, we need to thicken the portion of the metatarsal a litter bit when the long jumper's shoes selected. And, as the takeoff velocity increase, the shank angular velocity with respect to a transverse axis through the center of gravity should be increased during the takeoff-foot touchdown and takeoff. Therefore, the active landing style described as clawing the ground with the sole of the foot should be performed during the takeoff-foot touchdown and takeoff phase.
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