Yi Hwang’s View on Heaven, Li, and Mindfulness : With Reference to Zhu Xi and YI I’s Neo-Confucianism
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According to Yi Hwang (pen name: T’oegye), the heaven means li (理). Yi Hwang ascribed activity and inactivity to li. The substance of li is inactive, while the function of li is active in the works, response to Yi Yangjung (pen name: Gongho) in 1570, the year of Yi Hwang’s death. Owing to that, this was his final theory of li. The li’s motion is based on inactive li such as the function of li based on the substance of li. So far, most of researchers have studied on the li’s motion, while some mainly investigated on the li’s inactivity. However, I study on inactive and active li based on theory of substance and function. Accordingly, Manifestation of (理發) and spontaneous arrival of li (理到) were the kind of function of li. The inactive li, meaning substance, is similar to Yi I’s (pen name: Yulgok) li. But Yi I did not mention the inactive li and criticized active li of Yi Hwang, because YI I might not see the inactive one. The inactive li was written just before Yi Hwang's death and the book of him was published after YI I's death. Even though Yi I saw the inactive li, he would criticize Yi I's li at the time because the function of Yi Hwang's li is active. Yi Hwang’s li was like the active Lord on High or the heaven, and it was a difference between Yi Hwnang and Zhu Xi’s li. Yi Hwang’s li governs imminent gi (氣). The pure and good li governs the turbid also likely-to-be-evil gi. Therefore, human action is ultimately supposed to be good according to li. However, there are many cases in which humans do evil deeds rather than good ones. Therefore, Yi Hwang expressed concern about this. Because of that, he emphasized Mindfulness (敬). That is, human has to control his own an evil mind, meaning Mindfulness. It is made by an active li’s rule of gi.
Abstract
According to Yi Hwang (pen name: T’oegye), the heaven means li (理). Yi Hwang ascribed activity and inactivity to li. The substance of li is inactive, while the function of li is active in the works, response to Yi Yangjung (pen name: Gongho) in 1570, the year of Yi Hwang’s death. Owing to that, this was his final theory of li. The li’s motion is based on inactive li such as the function of li based on the substance of li. So far, most of researchers have studied on the li’s motion, while some mainly investigated on the li’s inactivity. However, I study on inactive and active li based on theory of substance and function. Accordingly, Manifestation of (理發) and spontaneous arrival of li (理到) were the kind of function of li. The inactive li, meaning substance, is similar to Yi I’s (pen name: Yulgok) li. But Yi I did not mention the inactive li and criticized active li of Yi Hwang, because YI I might not see the inactive one. The inactive li was written just before Yi Hwang's death and the book of him was published after YI I's death. Even though Yi I saw the inactive li, he would criticize Yi I's li at the time because the function of Yi Hwang's li is active. Yi Hwang’s li was like the active Lord on High or the heaven, and it was a difference between Yi Hwnang and Zhu Xi’s li. Yi Hwang’s li governs imminent gi (氣). The pure and good li governs the turbid also likely-to-be-evil gi. Therefore, human action is ultimately supposed to be good according to li. However, there are many cases in which humans do evil deeds rather than good ones. Therefore, Yi Hwang expressed concern about this. Because of that, he emphasized Mindfulness (敬). That is, human has to control his own an evil mind, meaning Mindfulness. It is made by an active li’s rule of gi.
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