혁명기 러시아의 정신분석 운동 — 무의식과 사회적 실천 논쟁의 재검토 —
Psychoanalysis Movement in Russian Revolutionary Culture — Controversy on the Unconscious and the Social Practice
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This paper aims to shed light on the psychoanalysis movement in Russian revolutionary culture from its beginning to the end. It is not well known that Freud’s theory on the unconscious gained big popularity among the scholars and social activists before and after the Russian revolution. They were very strongly interested in the power of the unconscious as the useful instrument of changing the old regime. At the first phase psychoanalytic theorists played an important role to import freudian theory to Russia. For example, Nikolai Osipov was one of the brilliant scholars, who achieved recognition from Freud. But the notable features of russian psychoanalysis movement were its tendency for social practice. For instance, Vera Schmidt’s “Children’s home” was a remarkable attempt for the application of the psychoanalytic theory to the reality. In this moment, we have to remember that Bolshevik government actively supported this movement in this phase, because they wanted to use the psychoanalytic theory and practice for the construction of “New Society”. Of course, that meaned the communist society, and Bolshevik’s final goal was to make people renewed by the criterion of “Communist human type (‘New Man’).” But these kinds of supports for psychoanalysis movement were suddenly stopped in the mid-1920s. Bolshevik party defined “Freudianism” as a corrupted bourgeois culture, and began to criticize it fiercely. For the idea of the unconscious turned out to be dangerous for monistic ideology, i.e. Stalinism. In this paper, I tried to re-examine the socio-cultural situations of revolutionary Russia with respect to the controversy on the unconscious.
Abstract
This paper aims to shed light on the psychoanalysis movement in Russian revolutionary culture from its beginning to the end. It is not well known that Freud’s theory on the unconscious gained big popularity among the scholars and social activists before and after the Russian revolution. They were very strongly interested in the power of the unconscious as the useful instrument of changing the old regime. At the first phase psychoanalytic theorists played an important role to import freudian theory to Russia. For example, Nikolai Osipov was one of the brilliant scholars, who achieved recognition from Freud. But the notable features of russian psychoanalysis movement were its tendency for social practice. For instance, Vera Schmidt’s “Children’s home” was a remarkable attempt for the application of the psychoanalytic theory to the reality. In this moment, we have to remember that Bolshevik government actively supported this movement in this phase, because they wanted to use the psychoanalytic theory and practice for the construction of “New Society”. Of course, that meaned the communist society, and Bolshevik’s final goal was to make people renewed by the criterion of “Communist human type (‘New Man’).” But these kinds of supports for psychoanalysis movement were suddenly stopped in the mid-1920s. Bolshevik party defined “Freudianism” as a corrupted bourgeois culture, and began to criticize it fiercely. For the idea of the unconscious turned out to be dangerous for monistic ideology, i.e. Stalinism. In this paper, I tried to re-examine the socio-cultural situations of revolutionary Russia with respect to the controversy on the unconscious.
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