서학의 수용과 ‘격치’에 대한 인식: 상하이격치서원의 ‘고과(考課)’를 중심으로

Abstract

Shanghai Gezhi Academy carried out the essay test for general intellectuals during the years 1886 ~ 1894. The questions, examiners, examinees and the content of answers of the ‘Essay Test’ by Gezhi Academy at the time were included in the book “Ge Zhi Shu Yuan Ke Yi”. In this book, the awareness and understanding of the intellectuals of westernization in China on the Western Learning in modern times were reflected. Most of those among the total 88 questions set in 9 years, between 1886 and 1894, are concerning westernization (current affairs, thriving and powerful, etc.). This article is intended to make “Ge Zhi Shu Yuan Ke Yi”, where the content of the test paper of the dean’s list, Ge Zhi Academy, is included, as the subject for study. I intend to make an analysis on the perception and point of view of the people on the Western Learning and their significance, through which we would have a look into the perception, point of view and others of the intellectuals of westernization on the relation between Chinese and Western Learning. This will be divided roughly into three parts. First, we have a discussion centered on the understanding of categories of Western Learning such as understanding of the Western Learning (Ge Zhi), the relation between Chinese and Western Learning, academic significance, and so on. Second, through analyzing the point of view of ’The Theory of Western Learning Being of Chinese Origin’, ‘The Theory of Western Learning and Chinese Learning are of Different Origin’, ‘Valuing Morality and Despising Art’, and ‘Justice and Physics’, which are presented as differences between Chinese and Western Learning, we shall get to understand the knowledge and recognition of Chinese and Western Learning by the intellectuals of westernization at the time. Third, we also have a look at the impact, significance and uppermost limit with the recognition, point of view, etc., on the Western Learning reflected in the essay test managed by Ge Zhi Academy. Through the above study, we get to know the awareness, knowledge and point of view of general intellectuals of westernization in China on the acceptance of Western Learning and Ge Zhi in the stage of Dissemination of Western Learning to the Orient.