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문화자본의 개념화와 문화자본 연구의 주요 쟁점에 관한 비판적 검토

The evolution of and issues in the cultural capital theory

김영화
한국교육사회학회 (The Korean Society for Sociology of Education)|2012.06|교육사회학연구 (Korean Journal of Sociology of Education)|제22권 제2호|pp. 31-63|DOI 10.32465/ksocio.2012.22.2.002

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키워드

문화자본Bourdieucultural capitalcultural reproduction문화재생산사회재생산고급문화문화이동론social reproductionhigh-status culturecultural mobility model
주제분류교육학

초록

이 연구는 교육사회학 연구 분야에서 문화자본과 관련하여 제기되고 있는 쟁점들에 대하여 비판적으로 논의하고 문화자본 관련 연구들이 고려해야 할 과제들을 제안함으로써 향후 우리 사회에서 수행되는 문화자본 관련 연구들의 이론적, 사회적 적합성을 높이는데 기여하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 먼저 문화자본 개념이 Bourdieu의 저술에서 어떻게 진화해 왔으며, Bourdieu의 문화자본론을 적용한 경험적 연구들이 문화자본의 개념을 어떻게 정의하고 조작화했는지를 검토하였다. 다음으로 교육사회학 분야를 중심으로 문화자본 연구에서 제기되고 있는 쟁점들을 비판적으로 논의하였다. 문화자본의 사회적․시대적 맥락성, 문화자본에 대한 고급문화적 접근의 타당성, 문화자본의 상징적 효과와 기능적 효과, 문화자본의 임의성과 지배권력, 엘리트계층의 분화와 문화자본의 유효성을 중심으로 논의하였다. 마지막으로 문화자본을 그 이론적 의의를 상실하지 않으면서도 사회적 맥락에 따라 보다 포용적이고 유연하게 활용될 수 있는 방식으로 재개념화하기 위한 과제와 교육사회학 분야에서 관심을 기울여야 할 연구과제에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

Critically discussing issues raised in researches on cultural capital and suggesting some tasks to be considered in future studies, I attempted to enhance both the theoretical and social relevance of researches on cultural capital that will be conducted in Korea. First, I examine how the concept of cultural capital has evolved in Bourdieu's writings and how empirical studies based on the Bourdieu's cultural capital theory have defined and operationalized the concept of cultural capital. Second, I argued about the social and historical nature of cultural capital, the limits of the conceptualization of cultural capital as high-status cultural practices and knowledge, the validity of separating the symbolic effect of cultural capital from its functional effect, the arbitrariness of cultural capital and its relations to dominant power, and finally the necessity of multidimensional approach to dominant groups in society and differences in the effectiveness of cultural capital among the sub- dominant groups. Finally, I discussed how to reconceptualize cultural capital if it is to be used in a more inclusive and flexible way depending on social context without losing its theoretical significance. I also discussed research subjects on cultural capital to be studied more intensively in the sociology of education.

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