남송대 朱熹의 대외인식과 화이론

Abstract

During the Song(宋) dynasty, neighboring other ethnic countries such as Liao(遼,) Xi Xia(西夏), Jin(金), Yuan(元) were powerful. So they frequently invaded. Song and both Northern and Southern Songs were destroyed by them. On this background, to set up a relationship with those other ethnic countries, various discussions based on the Sino-Barbarian(華夷) theory had been developed. One of historical tasks of the Song period was to restore and establish political and ideological superiority and pride, through awakening the traditional sense of separation between the Chinese and the Barbarian. In the early Southern Song period, main stream’s perspective was that co-existence of Song and Jin cannot be established on the world view of Sino-Barbarian idea and traditional ‘Tian Xia(天下)’, which cannot accept the status of reversal between Jin and China. Zhu Xi(朱熹, 1103~1200), known as a collectivist of Neo-Confucianism, was active in the Southern Song Dynasty, when the harshest conflicts in Chinese history with the other ethnic countries existed. Since the Song dynasty, Northern ethnic regime gained such a power and became a huge threat to the Chinese. As the Chinese society faced such a chaos, traditional ethic orders were unprecedentedly destroyed. The ‘Tian Xia(天下)’ order, which places Han(漢) people in the center of the world, encountered a radical change and traditional Tian Xia view faced a great challenge. Also national consciousness of the Han people has never been raised before, due to the conflicts between the ethnic groups. Zhu Xi’s foreign view was established on such backgrounds. This study mainly explores Zhu Xi’s perspective on foreign country and the people, and his opinion of opposing the advocates of peace, which formed the foundation of such foreign view. Also the contents of orthodoxy and Sino-Barbarian theory, which is deeply related to Zhu Xi’s view, is considered. For Zhu Xi, criticizing the advocate of peace, he claimed that Barbarian(夷狄) is a creature which exists between a human and an animal, and it cannot be turned. Thus he emphasized Han people’s legitimacy, expressed a nation-state view based on the “China the Great” view, and reaffirmed the sense of superiority of traditional Chinese culture. Also he emphasized distinguish of Sino-Barbarian and brought Han people’s legitimacy into the prominence, to realize the Great China by the Han. His Neo-Confucianism was established as the governing ideology afterwards, which exerted a huge impact to the posterity.