儒學“配慮哲學”的倫理傾向 ――對儒學現代性應用的一種嘗試

Abstract

In the process of modenization, industrialization, and democratization, Confucianism has been criticized frequently for its residual premodern elements. However, as we witness numerous problems caused by industrialization in this modern age, I rather turn to Confucianism for unchanging values that can be utilized and applied to our time. In particular, I find in Confucianism ethical thoughts which may be used to remedy moral confusion of today. 2500 years ago, Confucius proposed "Ren" (humaneness or benevolence; 仁) as a fundamental virtue for the ethics of human relationships. He defined "Ren" as "love for humanity" and suggested that it should be practiced in "the attitude of treating others through putting myself in their position." This means a sympathetic consideration for others, and it is how "Ren" is realized. I therefore argue that this sympathetic consideration can be the very clue to bringing about harmony and order to human relationships today. A sympathetic consideration for others will in turn make them want to avoid shame, have modesty, and thereby observe "Li" (propriety: 禮). This will then lead them to awaken their own sense of shame and hatred against certain actions, as Mencius suggested, and this will ultimately enable them to practice "Yi" (righteousness; 義). If they can exercise the additional wisdom to evaluate the justness of their action, such action--which originated from a considerate caring for others--will have a sufficient ethical ground. Therefore, a careful consideration for others can function as a fundamental principle for ethical behavior. In practicing this careful consideration for others for ethical purposes, a consideration for oneself should precede it. A positive acceptance of oneself is required before one can reach a positive acceptance of others and of the reality. Confucian scholars` way of caring for oneself was "Jing" (seriousness or reverence; 敬), which means being sincere in mind. Yi Hwang, a representative Neo-Confucianist of Joseon, is well known for his belief that practicing "Jing" is the only way of becoming an ideal ethical subject. In this sense, it may be concluded that a sympathetic consideration for others, accompanied with a considerate caring for oneself, can become a ground for an alternative ethics in the face of today`s moral chaos.