性善之善不与恶对
The Original Goodness Is not Opposed to Evil
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宋代道学以天理作为性善论的形而上学基础，这暗含了两个困难：一、与传统儒家经典之间的矛盾；二、性之本体至善无恶，那么恶的来源何在。道学中无论是理学还是心学都必须面对这两个困难，并给出解答。本文以张九成“性善之善不与恶对”的思想为例，通过张九成与二程、张载、杨时、朱熹、胡宏等思想家的比较，展现性善论在宋代发展完善的思想脉络，并厘清道学对以上两个困难的解决途径。特别是通过讨论恶的来源问题以及善恶究竟是实质义还是形式义，来分析二程、张九成、朱子与胡宏之间对性善的不同理解。
Abstract
Dao Xue in Sung Dynasty argues that Li is the metaphysical fundament of the original goodness of human nature. This argument contains two difficulties: 1. Its confliction with Confucian classical theories; 2. If human nature is originally good, what is the origin of evil?No matter he belongs to Li Xue or Xin Xue, all scholars of Dao Xue have to face these two difficulties. Zhang Jiucheng insisted that the original goodness is not opposed to evil. His theory is remarkably different from the thoughts of his contemporaries, such as Cheng brothers, Zhang Zai, Yan Shi, Zhu Xi, and Hu Hong. The Comparison of their main theories on this topic can show us the inheritance relationship and the development of the theory of original goodness of human nature in Sung Dynasty, as well as exhibit the solutions of the forementioned two difficulties.
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