『秘密道次第論』 科段에 나타난 쫑카빠의 밀교사상

Abstract

Tsongkhapa established the doctrinal foundation of Geluk sect in Tibetan Buddhism by way of writing Lam rim chen mo and sNgags rim chen mo that respectively summarize the practice system of Indian Buddhism which is based on vast scriptures of Indian Buddhism. Tsong kha pa develops his theories by suggesting Buddhist scriptures of Esoteric Buddhism and commentaries of Indian and Tibetan masters. sNgags rim chen mo begins with a declaration that there are many expedients of Buddhist practices which the contents of the work is divided into four classes of Tantras, namely Kriya-tantra, Carya-tantra, Yoga-tantra and Anuttarayoga-tantra. In Kriya-tantra Tsong kha pa classified the Tantric scriptures into classes of Buddha, Vajra, Padma, Guardian god, etc and applied and grouped all the scriptures on the basis of classification. In Carya-tantra Tsong kha pa divide the Esoteric Buddhism into Yoga with Signs and Yoga without Signs. The yoga of former one is to accomplish the Buddha's outer source of body and virtual activities and the latter one is to practice emptiness and Dharmakāya of Nirvana. Yoga-tantra system is considered as a successor of Carya-tantra but Yoga-tantra system adopted the Yogacara practices of Mahayāna Buddhism to change the consciousness of lay people to the wisdom of Buddhas. In the history of Indian Buddhism Yoga-tantra system especially develops a theories and practices of accomplishing physical body of Buddhda [Nirmaṇa-kāya] which were developed to the Generation Stage and Completion Stage of Anuttarayoga-tantra system of later age of Esoteric Buddhism. Tsong kha pa knew that all the ages of Esoteric Buddhism had concerns with the accomplishment of Nirmaṇakāya to adopted the practice of breath and life but presented his idea that the practices of achieving Saṃbhoka-kāya and Nirmaṇakāya is possible only in the practices of Anuttarayoga-tantra system.