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발전경제학과 국제원조의 진화

Influences of Development Economics on the Foreign Aid Evolution

박복영
한국경제학회 (The Korean Economic Association)|2014.06|경제학연구 (The Korean Journal of Economic Studies)|제62권 제2호|pp. 131-157

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참고문헌

키워드

foreign aid국제원조발전경제학신제도경제학development economicsnew institutional economics
주제분류경제학

초록

개발도상국의 경제사회 발전을 지원하기 위한 국제원조는 2차 대전 이후 본격화되었는데, 그후 70여년간 국제원조의 우선적 목표와 핵심수단은 계속 진화하였다. 개도국 경제현실과 공여국의 정책목표와 더불어 발전경제학 분야에서의 학문적 발전 또한 국제원조의 진화에 영향을 미쳤다. 본 논문의 목적은 발전경제학의발전이 국제원조의 진화에 어떻게 영향을 미쳤는가를 고찰하는 것이다. 1960년대까지는 해로드-도마 모형을 근간으로 한 고전적 성장이론에 근거하여 개도국의저축-투자 갭의 보완이 원조의 핵심기능으로 인식되었다. 그후 바그와티(J. Bhagwati)와 크루거(A.O. Krueger) 등의 신고전파적 무역이론의 발달은 국제원조가 개도국의 정책지원과 구조조정을 강조하게 된 이론적 배경이 되었다. 1980년대 센(A. Sen)의 역량이론은 인간개발을 위한 원조의 확대에 기여하였다. 또한노스(D. North) 등의 신제도주의경제학과 원조효과에 관한 실증적 연구결과들은국제원조에서 제도의 중요성을 인식시키는 데 크게 기여하였다. 한편 무작위추출통제실험(RCT)과 같은 최근의 미시적 평가방법론의 발전은 ‘증거에 기반한(evidence-based) 원조’가 탄생하게 된 학문적 배경이 되었다. 핵심 주제어:

Abstract

Foreign aid has shown changes in its prime goal and instrument in the lastseveral decades. In addition to developing countries’ realities and internationalpolitical terrain, new thoughts in development economics have highlyinfluenced the evolution in foreign aid. This study examines this relationship. At first, the classical growth theory supported that aid would promote growthby filling the investment-saving gap of developing economies. Thereafter,neo-classical trade theory served as an academic basis for the use of aid fundfor structural adjustment, while the capability approach of A. Sen redirectedaid to prioritize human development. New institutional economics andempirical studies on aid effectiveness led aid to facilitate institutional changesin developing countries. The recent development in policy evaluation methodsunderlined the effectiveness of aid projects at the micro level.

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