史的考察에 의한 詩經 「鄭風」의 ‘淫’에 대한 의미

Abstract

The State of Zheng is the first nation that actively participated in the transfer of the capital when King ‘Ping’ of Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to the east and displayed its spirit to honor ‘Zhou’. However, Confucius said in the 「Duke Ling of Wei(衛靈公)」, the Analects of Confucius, that lustful songs(鄭聲) were obscene(淫). Since then, posterity scholars had a great diversity of opinions about this. Zhu Xi said that there was difference in relative importance when it was said that 「Odes of Zheng(鄭風)」 was obscene, compared to 「Odes of Wei(衛風)」. He argued that for the first reasons why it was lewd, in terms of quantity, five sevenths of the poems in 「Odes of Zheng」 were wanton while one fourth of those in 「Odes of Wei」 were so. For the second reason, he mentioned that there were many poems in which a woman lures a man. For the third ground, he concluded that 「Odes of Zheng」 was more lustful than 「Odes of Wei」 in that many contents in 「Odes of Wei」 were repentances and satires, but 「Odes of Zheng」 didn’t show the indication of repentance. After that, Ahn Seong-yu agreed to Zhu Xi’s theory in principle. In spite of existing the elder confucianists’ writings on 「Odes of Zheng」, the meaning of Confucius’ works claiming that the lustful songs were especially obscene is not clear, and accordingly, this thesis aims at examining all the poems in 「Odes of Zheng」 as the research object, reinterpreting each poem, and investigating into the meanings of obsceneness adding historical review. In this paper, the poems in 「Odes of Zheng」 were categorized into proper poems(正詩), improper ones and those that can be studied in a historical viewpoint, their expressions were reinterpreted, and were examined the reasons why the lustful songs were regarded as obscene while preceding scholars’ explanation were referred to. The poems, such as <Ziyi(緇衣)>, <Dafu’s ceremonial dress(羔裘)>, <A woman says a cock crows(女曰鷄鳴)> and <Leaving from the eastern gate(出其東門)> from the above books were classified by Ahn Seong-yu as the valuable poems. They say many poems in 「Odes of Zheng」 are obscene. However, when compared with other odes, there are the poems close to the proper ones so it’s not reasonable to consider them as more lustful. Next, among the 21 poems of 「Odes of Zheng」, Classic of Poetry, those which can be examined from a historical perspective were extracted. Among which, <The second bachelor(將仲子)>, <A brother-in-law’s hunting(叔于田)>, and <The third son’s hunting(大叔于田)> are the poems with the material of ‘Zheng Zhuang Gong’ and ‘Gong Shuk Duan’. <A person of Ching(淸人)> sings about Zheng Wen Gong’s political faults, and <A woman on a wagon(有女同車)> about Wen Kang’s elegance. Fusu flowers in the mountains(山有扶蘇)>, <Dry leaves(蘀兮)>and <A sly kid(狡童)> are the poems that ‘Mosi’ was a stinging satire on the crown prince, ‘Hu’ of the state of Zheng. When the expressions in these poems were reinterpreted, re-explained, and their historicity was considered, it was found out that the poetic expressions regarding ‘Zheng Zhuang Gong’, ‘Gong Shu Duan’, the crown prince ‘Hu’ of the state of Zheng, and ‘Wen Kang’ were biased. The rest poems except those which are proper or on which historical review is possible, such as <On a main road(遵大路)>, <Rolling up the skirt(褰裳)>, <Pretty(丰)>, <The vacant ground outside the eastern gate(東門之墠)>, <The wind and rain(風雨)>, <Your attire(子衿)>, <The water bubbling up(揚之水)>, <Vine grass in the field(野有蔓草)> and <Jin and Yu river(溱洧)> can be seen as wanton. Those categorized as obscene among 「Odes of Zheng」 sings about ordinary persons’ love between male and female. Therefore, when these are briefly compared with the poems in 「Odes of Qi」, those in 「Odes of Zheng」 about love between a man and a woman were said to be lustful, but cannot be regarded as more wanton than the one in 「Odes of Qi」 dealing with the affair between a feudal lord and a woman. At this point, the argument is not to insist on the obsceneness of 「Odes of Qi」, but to emphasize that the degree of obsceneness of 「Odes of Zheng」 was not extreme. Yet, it can be concluded that according to the results of historical review in the precedent chapter, Confucius assessed them as lustful because the errors in the evaluation of the figures of ‘Zheng Zhuang Gong’, ‘Gong Shu Duan’, the crown prince ‘Hu’ of the state of Zheng, ‘Wen Kang’ and etc. were expressed as impious in 「Odes of Zheng」. When it’s said to be obscene, it doesn’t just mean that it’s wanton, but the meaning should be expanded into slyness(邪), or injustice of going against what’s right(不義 or 不正), and then it can accord with its original meaning.