본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

헌법제정의 유형과 양상에 관한 소고(小考) - 헌법제정의 환경, 절차, 제도적 행위자 -

On Types and Modes of Constitution - making - Circumstances, Procedures, Institutional Agencies -

0

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

18세기 서양에서 시작된 성문헌법의 제정이라는 현상은 현재까지 전세계적 규모로 확장되었다. 수많은 헌법제정의 사례들은 상이한 시공간적 맥락 속에서 생성되며 그에 따라 다양한 양상을 보인다. 이 글은 헌법제정의 사례들이 보이는 다양한 양상에 접근하기 위해 몇 가지 유형을 선별하여 고찰하는 방식을 취하였다. 헌법제정이 이루어지는 환경적 여건은 대개 정치적 격변을 주된 요소로 한다. 시민혁명과 결부된 헌법제정은 기존 법질서와의 의식적인 단절의 계기를 포함하는 경우가 전형적이며, 새로 제정된 헌법은 구체제와 대별되는 정당성을 확보해야 하는 과제를 가지게 된다. 독립과 건국을 배경으로 한 헌법제정은 미국 연방헌법을 효시로 하지만 20세기 중후반에 빈번하게 나타났고, 탈식민주의적 정체성을 헌법에 명시하는 경우도 많다. 패전 후 승전국의 점령하에 헌법이 제정되는 경우도 적지 않았는데, 이러한 유형의 헌법제정에서는 승전국의 개입과 자주성의 충돌이 제정된 헌법의 성패에 중요한 변수가 된다. 정치세력간의 협약에 의한 평화적 체제전환에서는 법적 연속성의 존중이 특징적으로 나타나며 다수결보다 합의가 중시될 수 있다. 일반적으로 헌법이 제정되는 절차는 기본규칙과 일정을 수립하는 단계, 헌법초안을 작성하는 단계, 초안에 대한 본격적인 심의가 이루어지는 단계, 심의를 거친 최종안을 채택하고 비준하는 단계로 나눌 수 있다. 특히 헌법제정의 기본규칙을 수립하는 단계에서는 기존 법질서와 단절하고 헌법을 무로부터 창조할 것인지 여부가 중요한 쟁점이 될 수 있다. 헌법개정절차를 통해 법적 연속성을 유지하면서 실질적으로 새로운 헌법을 제정하는 경로도 존재할 수 있기 때문이다. 헌법제정의 과정은 불가피하게 대표와 기관에 의해 이루어질 수밖에 없기 때문에 헌법제정을 위해 어떠한 기관이 선택되는지와 그 기관이 어떤 대표의 원리에 의해 구성되는지는 중요한 의미를 가진다. 헌법제정은 국민으로부터 헌법제정에 대한 위임 없이 엘리트들을 중심으로 이루어질 수도 있고, 주나 지역의 대표기관을 통해 간접적으로 선출된 기관에 의해 이루어질 수도 있으며, 국민으로부터 직접 헌법제정업무를 위임받은 기관에 의해 이루어질 수도 있다. 또한, 각 대표의 방식은 현실적으로 존재했던 다양한 세부유형으로 나눌 수 있다. 헌법제정기관의 작동방식은 단순하지 않다. 헌법제정의 과정을 어느 하나의 기관이 독점하지 못하고 여러 단계에 걸쳐 여러 기관이 관여하는 형태의 헌법제정도 있을 수 있으며, 헌법제정업무를 입법부가 담당함으로써 권력집중형 헌법제정의회가 만들어지는 경우도 있다. 헌법제정의 절차가 입헌주의의 성공적 정착과 어떤 상관관계를 가지는지의 문제에 대해서는 단순한 답변이 제시되기는 어렵다. 그러나 헌법제정 절차의 유형과 양상에 대한 탐구는 이러한 문제와 관련하여 접근할 필요가 있을 것이다.

Abstract

The idea that a ‘written constitution’ could be made by conscious collective effort took form in 18th century America and Europe, but the process of Constitution-making has spread across the continents and timelines since then. Many cases of Constitution-making display diverse aspects according to the environment in which it takes place as well as its procedural and institutional features. This study hopes to cover the phenomenon of Constitution-making through examining some types concerning environments, procedures and institutional agents of Constitution-making. The environmental conditions in which Constitution-making process unfolds are generally associated with political and societal catastrophes. Constitution-making based on revolutions tends to include ‘bootstrapping’ process which amounts to intentional break with the authority of former legal order. The newly created constitution may strive to gain a new kind of legitimacy distinguishable from the one of the ancien regime. An archetype of Constitution-making based on independence and nation-state building can be found in U.S. federal constitution, but a great number of constitutions in this vein came into being during post World War Ⅱ era. These decolonization constitutions may assert strong ideological or religious self-identity with regard to former colonial empires. Constitution-makings under occupation of foreign military power were not uncommon in history. The degree of intervention of the occupying power and assertion of autonomy from the defeated nation may produce different outcomes in the nature of the somewhat ‘imposed’ constitution. In the context of coordinated transition from authoritarian regime, Constitution-making can be associated with the appearance of legal continuity. Consensus rather than majoritarian imposition may be valued in Constitution-making process. Constitution-making process generally involves stages of setting ground rules and frameworks, drafting a text, deliberating the text, and ultimately adopting and ratifying the final text. Important decisions such as whether to break with the existing legal order and make the constitution ‘ex nihilo’ or to respect the amending rules of the former regime are prone to be made in the initial stage and set the different pathways for the particular Constitution-making process. The process of Constitution-making inevitably involve representatives and institutional agencies. Therefore, the question regarding what type of organ is to be selected and how should the organ be constituted bears particular significance. Constitution-making task can be carried out either by elite appointed agencies without any mandate from the people or by directly elected bodies with clear mandates. Constitution -making bodies could also be created by intermediary institutions such as state or provincial assemblies. In any case, the way that Constitution -making agencies actually work needs closer examination. There are cases where multiple institutional agencies take part in Constitution -making process. The function of Constitution-making can be exercised by separate bodies without any legislative power or fused with legislative authority possibly causing some normative problems. It is difficult to see whether there is a clear relationship between Constitution-making process and successful consolidation of constitutionalism. Nevertheless, inquiries concerning historical types and modes of Constitution-making should be linked to this underlying question.

참고문헌 (84)

  1. 시에예스, 엠마누엘, "제3신분이란 무엇인가" (2003), 책세상
  2. 이영록, "우리헌법의 탄생 - 헌법으로 본 대한민국 건국사 -" (2006), 서해문집
  3. 갈봉근, "새 헌법의 제정에 관하여-민정복귀와 헌법제정", 법정, 17(7) (1962)
  4. 김광기, "막스 베버와 알프레드 슈츠 : '이념형’과 ‘전형’의 비교분석", 현상과 인식, 38(3), pp.61~88 (2014), 한국인문사회과학회
  5. 뵈켄회르데, "헌법제정권력(상) - 헌법학의 한계개념 -", 고시계, 34(12) (1989)
  6. 송석윤, "서독기본법의 제정과정:연합국의 영향과 관련하여", 법사학연구, (29), pp.59~89 (2004), 한국법사학회
  7. 송석윤, "군민공치와 입헌군주제헌법 - 비교헌정사적 연구 -", 서울대학교 법학, 53(1), pp.497~527 (2012), 법학연구소
  8. 음선필, "체제전환과 헌법재판소 -헝가리와 남아공의 경험-", 홍익법학, 11(2), pp.219~253 (2010), 법학연구소
  9. 이경주, "건국헌법의 제정과정-미군정사료 등을 중심으로-", 헌법학연구, 4(3) (1998)
  10. 이승우, "制憲國會의 構成과 建國憲法制定의 民主的 正當性", 공법학연구, 14(2), pp.433~457 (2013), 한국비교공법학회
  11. 정상우, "1948년헌법 제정과 국가공동체의 통합", 헌법학연구, 21(3), pp.133~159 (2015), 한국헌법학회
  12. 정종섭, "1948年 國會의 法的 性格에 관한 硏究", 서울대학교 법학, 45(2), pp.156~206 (2004), 법학연구소
  13. 조동은, "스페인 1978년 헌법의 성립과정에 관한 연구", 유럽헌법연구, (20), pp.111~162 (2016), 유럽헌법학회
  14. 최경옥, "日本國憲法의 制定過程과 特徵", 헌법학연구, 8(2), pp.373~400 (2002), 한국헌법학회
  15. 한동훈, "프랑스의 왕정복고체제와 의원내각제의 태동", 법사학연구, (41), pp.143~174 (2010), 한국법사학회
  16. 송석윤, "Verfassunggebung und Verfassungsänderung in Korea - insbesondere in bezug auf die erste Änderung der ‘Juni-Verfassung", 서울대학교 법학, 51(3), pp.63~84 (2010), 법학연구소
  17. 한동섭, "민정복귀와 개헌문제(상)", 경향신문, ~ (1962)
  18. 한동섭, "민정복귀와 개헌문제(중)", 경향신문, ~ (1962)
  19. 한동섭, "민정복귀와 개헌문제(하)", 경향신문, ~ (1962)
  20. Ackerman, Bruce, "The Future of Liberal Revolution" (1992), Yale University Press
  21. Arato, Andrew, "Civil Society, Constitution, Legitimacy" (2000), Rowman & Littlefield
  22. Arato, Andrew, "Constitution Making Under Occupation - The Politics of Imposed Revolution in Iraq" (2009), Columbia University Press
  23. Arendt, Hannah, "On Revolution" (2006), Penguin Books
  24. Bonnie-Blanc, Andrea, "Spain's Transition to Democracy: The Politics of Constitution-making" (1987), Westview Press
  25. Ebrahim, Hassen, "The Soul of a Nation: Constitution-Making in South Africa" (1998), Oxford University Press
  26. Elkins, Zachary, "The Endurance of National Constitutions" (2009), Cambridge University Press
  27. Farfard, Patrick, "Constituent Assemblies: A Comparative Survey" (1991), Institute of Intergovernmental Relations
  28. Feldman, Noah, "What We Owe Iraq" (2004), Princeton University Press
  29. Ferreres Comella, Victor, "The Constitution of Spain - A Contextual Analysis" (2013), Hart Publishing
  30. Hirschl, Ran, "Toward Juristocracy - The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism" (2004), Harvard University Press
  31. Klug, Heinz, "The Constitution of South Africa - A Contextual Analysis" (2010), Hart Publishing
  32. Ludwikowski, Rett R., "Constitution-Making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance" (1996), Duke University Press
  33. Merkl, Peter H., "The Origin of the West German Republic" (1963), Oxford University Press
  34. Payne, Stanley G., "Spain's First Democracy - The Second Republic, 1931-1936" (1993), The University of Wisconsin Press
  35. Rosenfeld, Michel, "The Identity of Constitutional Subject - Selfhood, Citizenship, Culture, and Community" (2010), Routledge
  36. Schmitt, Carl, "Constitutional Theory" (2008), Duke University Press
  37. Wood, Gordon, "The Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787" (1998), The University of North Carolina Press
  38. Wood, Gordon, "The Making of the Constitution" (1987), Markham Press Fund of Baylor University Press
  39. Ackerman, Bruce, "Three Pathways to Constitutionalism", British Journal of Political Science, 45(4), pp.704~715
  40. Arato, Andrew, "Constitutional Learning", Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, (106), pp.1~36 (2005)
  41. Arato, Andrew, "Conventions, Constituent Assemblies, and Round Tables", Global Constitutionalism, 1(1), pp.173~200 (2012)
  42. Arato, Andrew, "Post-Sovereign Constitution-making in Hungary", South African Journal on Human Rights, 26, pp.19~44 (2010)
  43. Alexander Thier, J., "Framing the State in Times of Transition - Case Studies in Constitution Making", pp.535~562 (2010), United States Institute of Peace
  44. Alexander Thier, J., "The Making of a Constitution in Afghanistan", New York Law School Law Review, 51, pp.557~579 (2007)
  45. Choudhry, Sujit, "The Migration of Constitutional Ideas", pp.1~36 (2006), Cambridge University Press
  46. Dann, Philipp, "The Internationalized Pouvoir Constituant - Constitution-Making Under External Influence in Iraq, Sudan and East Timor", Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 10, pp.423~463 (2006)
  47. Ebrahim, Hassen, "Framing the State in Times of Transition - Case Studies in Constitution Making", pp.111~157 (2010), United States Institute of Peace
  48. Elster, Jon, "Constitutionalism, Identity, Difference, and Legitimacy", pp.57~84 (1994), Duke University Press
  49. Elster, Jon, "Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process", Duke Law Journal, 45(2), pp.364~396 (1995)
  50. Elster, Jon, "Constitutionalism: New Challenges - European Law from a Nordic Perspective", pp.43~69 (2008), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  51. Elster, Jon, "Constitution-Making and Violence", Journal of Legal Analysis, 4(1), pp.7~39 (2012)
  52. Elster, Jon, "Collective Wisdom - Principles and Mechanisms", pp.148~172 (2012), Cambridge University Press
  53. Feldman, Noah, "Imposed Constitutionalism", Connecticut Law Review, 37, pp.857~889 (2005)
  54. Fox, Donald T., "Framing the State in Times of Transition -Case Studies in Constitution Making", pp.467~482 (2010), United States Institute of Peace
  55. Go, Julian, "A Globalizing Constitutionalism? Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000", International Sociology, 18(1), pp.71~95 (2003)
  56. Ginsbrg, Tom, "Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?", Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, pp.201~223 (2009)
  57. Grimm, Dieter, "Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe", pp.863~898 (1990), Klett-Cotta
  58. Hekman, Susan J., "Weber's Ideal Type: A Contemporary Reassessment", Polity, 16(1), pp.119~137 (1983)
  59. Jackson, Vicki C., "What's in a Name? Reflections on Timing, Naming, and Constitution-Making", William and Mary Law Review, 49, pp.1249~1305 (2008)
  60. Jaume, Lucien, "The Paradox of Constitutionalism - Constituent Power and Constitutional Form", pp.67~85 (2007), Oxford University Press
  61. Kades, Charles L., "The American Role in Revising Japan's Imperial Constitution", Political Science Quarterly, 104(2), pp.215~247 (1989)
  62. Kis, János, "Between Reform and Revolution", East European Politics and Societies, 12(2), pp.300~383 (1998)
  63. Kis, János, "Constitution for a Disunited Nation : On Hungary's 2011 Fundamental Law", pp.1~21 (2012), Central European University Press
  64. Klein, Claude, "Traité International de Droit Constitutionnel Tome 3 Suprématie de la Constitution", pp.6~32 (2012), Dalloz
  65. Klein, Claude, "The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law", pp.419~441 (2012), Oxford University Press
  66. Mendez, Fernando, "Patterns of Constitutional Design - The Role of Citizens and Elites in Constitution-Making", pp.21~48 (2013), Ashgate
  67. Morrow, James, "Framing the State in Times of Transition - Case Studies in Constitution Making", pp.563~598 (2010), United States Institute of Peace
  68. Robinson, Pearl T., "The National Conference Phenomenon in Francophone Africa", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 36(3), pp.575~610 (1994)
  69. Rubio Llorente, Francisco, "Constitution Makers on Constitution Making", pp.239~287 (1988), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
  70. Oliver, Dawn, "How Constitutions Change - A comparative Study", pp.381~403 (2011), Hart Publishing
  71. Oomen, Barbara, "The Dynamics of Constitutionalism in the Age of Globalisation", pp.57~70 (2010), Hague Academic Press
  72. Preuss, Ulrich K., "The Politics of Constitution Making: Transforming Politics into Constitutions", Law & Policy, 13(2), pp.107~123 (1991)
  73. Preuss, Ulrich K., "Perspectives on Post-Conflict Constitutionalism: Reflections on Regime Change Through External Constitutionalization", New York Law School Law Review, 51, pp.467~494 (2006)
  74. Sachs, Albie, "The Creation of South Africa's Constitution", New York Law School Law Review, 41, pp.669~701 (1997)
  75. Sachs, Albie, "South Africa's Unconstitutional Constitution: The Transition from Power to Lawful Power", Saint Louis University Law Journal, 41, pp.1249~1258 (1997)
  76. Stourzh, Gerald, "Conceptual Change and the Constitution", pp.35~54 (1988), University Press of Kansas
  77. Wheatly, Jonathan, "Patterns of Constitutional Design - The Role of Citizens and Elites in Constitution-Making", pp.70~86 (2013), Ashgate
  78. Wheatly, Jonathan, "Patterns of Constitutional Design - The Role of Citizens and Elites in Constitution-Making", pp.50~66 (2013), Ashgate
  79. Widner, Jennifer, "Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law", pp.57~69 (2013), Routledge
  80. Widner, Jennifer, "Constitution Writing in Post-Conflict Settings: An Overview", William and Mary Law Review, 49, pp.1513~1541 (2008)
  81. "The Role of Constitution-Building Precesses in Demo cratization. Case Study : Afghanistan" (2004)[URL]
  82. "Proceedings, Workshop on Constitution Building Processes" (2007)[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)