덴구마쓰리와 강릉단오제의 비교연구

Abstract

Dengu has taken different shapes and contained different characteristics according to the change of the times since it began to appear as mystified and imaginary figure with the form of a bird that flies using its wings. Such an image of dengu was more concretely systematized in Gonjaku Monogatarishu, published during the Heian period. In the Middle Age of Japan, dengu takes the form of a long and red nose pilgrim of the religious sect Shugendo. In modern times, it was portrayed as a stunned and humorous figure who is easily deceived by men. Despite the evolution of the forms, it has one same pattern: it always flies using wings. Shugendo is a highly syncretic religious sect where the ascetics are engaged in supernatural practices in the mountains, and the mountains are related with dengu. In the Middle Age, dengu was identified with yamabushi(literally: "One who hides in the mountains"), or Japanese mountain ascetic hermits, and dengu is known to have dwelled in the mountains where the ascetics of Shugendo was practicing. The ascetics of Shugendo were either the practitioners of dengu or dengu themselves. This paper is aimed at comparatively analyzing the five traditions: Shugendo born as a combination of Shinto and Buddhism of Japan; Dengu Maturi(the Long Red-nosed Festival) in Goumarusan ; a Korean religion of the guardian spirits of a mountain; a Korean religious sect mixing Shamanism and Buddhism ; and the Gangneung Dano-je(the Dano festival indigenous to Gangneung)as a mixture of various religions. Buddhism was naturalized in Japan in the form of the mixture with Shinto, while it was mixed with Shamanism in korea. The outcome of this study is that both dengu matsuri and the Gangneung Dano-je have been transformed and deeply permitted in the history and the cultures of the respective nations along with Buddhism they imported.