파나마운하 정경유착 비리와 1890년대 프랑스의 정치변화
Panama Canal Scandal and Political Change during the 1890s in France
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The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of how Panama Canal Scandal, collusion between politicians and financial services industry, transformed the French politics in the 1890s. To this end, the analysis deals with the causes and developments of the scandal, and critical public opinions toward corrupt financial sector and politicians and their court trials, and also examines the outcomes of the 1893 and 1898 general elections. The construction of the Panama Canal completed by the United States in 1914 was commenced by Panama Canal Company established in 1881 by a French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps, who a had built the Suez Canal in 1869. To raise enough money for the construction project, the company had to issue bonds as many as six times from 1882 to 1888, but always suffered financial difficulties. In response, the company lobbied the politicians and received government loans, but ended up in bankruptcy in February, 1889. In 1892 the Panama scandals broke out when a boulangist newspaper disclosed that the company bribed the politicians. In the bribery trials, the company’s key executives and former Public Construction minister were found guilty, and the scandal was used for anti-parliamentary and anti-capitalism propaganda by anarchists. The affair resulted in dwindling power of moderate Republicans in the 1893 and 1898 elections while led radical Republicans to gain influence, and socialists to take more than fifty seats in the National Assembly. In addition, many fresh faces entered the National Assembly in place of established politicians involved in the scandals, resulting in a generational shift in politics. The Panama Scandal contributed to proliferating radical and social republicanism in the final years of the nineteen century.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of how Panama Canal Scandal, collusion between politicians and financial services industry, transformed the French politics in the 1890s. To this end, the analysis deals with the causes and developments of the scandal, and critical public opinions toward corrupt financial sector and politicians and their court trials, and also examines the outcomes of the 1893 and 1898 general elections. The construction of the Panama Canal completed by the United States in 1914 was commenced by Panama Canal Company established in 1881 by a French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps, who a had built the Suez Canal in 1869. To raise enough money for the construction project, the company had to issue bonds as many as six times from 1882 to 1888, but always suffered financial difficulties. In response, the company lobbied the politicians and received government loans, but ended up in bankruptcy in February, 1889. In 1892 the Panama scandals broke out when a boulangist newspaper disclosed that the company bribed the politicians. In the bribery trials, the company’s key executives and former Public Construction minister were found guilty, and the scandal was used for anti-parliamentary and anti-capitalism propaganda by anarchists. The affair resulted in dwindling power of moderate Republicans in the 1893 and 1898 elections while led radical Republicans to gain influence, and socialists to take more than fifty seats in the National Assembly. In addition, many fresh faces entered the National Assembly in place of established politicians involved in the scandals, resulting in a generational shift in politics. The Panama Scandal contributed to proliferating radical and social republicanism in the final years of the nineteen century.
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