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Abstract

Since Nurhaci built his Manchu state, the Eight Banners of the Latter Jin served to be the political and economic ground for the Han’s family members, who were privileged to rule their banners as an independent lord. These enfeoffed banner lords (hošoi beile) made alliance for the Latter Jin state, reaching decisions for major political and military matters through discussions among them. Nurhaci tried to create a state in which the power of the supreme leader, the Han, was limited by other banner lords. It was the Assembly of Princes and High Officials (yizheng wang dachen huiyi) that Nurhaci built to realize his plan for the political alliance among the Eight Banners, an institution based on the political and economic privileges granted to the banner lords. The banners were limited the number of eight and inherited to sons of the banner lords on the principle of clan rule, therefore the Eight Banners were also called the “Eight Families” (ba jia). This paper explains the building process of the banners in the Latter Jin period, stressing that the Eight Banners were allowed to maintain their independent political powers based on the economic privileges granted by the Han. The expression “the eight portions” (ba fen) indicates this economic privilege given to the banner lords and junior lords in the Eight Banners. By examining the economic privilege included the eight portions, especially in the trade with the Chosŏn, this paper shows that the Eight Banners were the principal unit to conduct the Chosŏn trade and therefore their development was largely benefited from the commercial relationship with the Chosŏn.