Development of a New Religion in Modern China: the Case of Yiguandao
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This article is focusing on the historical development of a new religion, Yiguandao. Like many other popular religious movements in the late imperial and Republican period, Yiguandao inherited popular interpretations of orthodox Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. I attempt to understand the development of Yiguandao as a process of establishment of a new religion in Chinese society starting from 1930 when the sect leaders turned their attention to urban area in north China. Full-scale development of Yiguandao as the nationwide popular religion came in 1930. It started with a serious factional power struggle within the religious group. The winner of the struggle, Zhang Guangbi established his own Yiguandao group at Jinan, the largest political and commercial center in Shandong province. The relocation to the provincial center opened a new phase for the new religion. First, I argue that Yiguandao’s syncretism enhanced the authority of the sect leaders. Since Yiguandao’s doctrines substantially reflected common doctrinal features of Chinese popular religious tradition, it is hard to find distinctive characteristics. Yet, compared to similar popular religious groups’ doctrines, Yiguandao’s syncretic doctrine strongly emphasized unconditional devotion to its supreme deity and the Grand Masters. Secondly, its organizational features—emphasis of vertical connection, relatively autonomous local leadership, and submissive attitude toward political authority—made it possible for Yiguandao’s rapid spread.
Abstract
This article is focusing on the historical development of a new religion, Yiguandao. Like many other popular religious movements in the late imperial and Republican period, Yiguandao inherited popular interpretations of orthodox Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. I attempt to understand the development of Yiguandao as a process of establishment of a new religion in Chinese society starting from 1930 when the sect leaders turned their attention to urban area in north China. Full-scale development of Yiguandao as the nationwide popular religion came in 1930. It started with a serious factional power struggle within the religious group. The winner of the struggle, Zhang Guangbi established his own Yiguandao group at Jinan, the largest political and commercial center in Shandong province. The relocation to the provincial center opened a new phase for the new religion. First, I argue that Yiguandao’s syncretism enhanced the authority of the sect leaders. Since Yiguandao’s doctrines substantially reflected common doctrinal features of Chinese popular religious tradition, it is hard to find distinctive characteristics. Yet, compared to similar popular religious groups’ doctrines, Yiguandao’s syncretic doctrine strongly emphasized unconditional devotion to its supreme deity and the Grand Masters. Secondly, its organizational features—emphasis of vertical connection, relatively autonomous local leadership, and submissive attitude toward political authority—made it possible for Yiguandao’s rapid spread.
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