조선시대 太白山 제사의 변화 양상

Abstract

Until now, the study of national rituals in the Joseon Dynasty focused on official documents such as the royal records. Thus it was infeasible to identify the specic aspects of the rituals held on Taebaek Mountain. Although the rainmaking rituals(Giuje 祈雨祭) held on Taebaek Mountain(太白山) can be traced in rituals performed in Yongdam(龍潭) and on Taebaek Mountain as well as from the literature books of the Joseon Dynasty, they have not received any scholarly attention. As there are more than ten related articles in various literary books, I looked at the aspects of the rituals carried out on Taeback Mountain and Yongdam. With the advent of the Joseon Dynasty, the Sancheonje(山川祭) rituals were divided into the Mountain-River-Sea(嶽瀆海) rituals and the Myeongsandaecheon(名山大川) rituals, while other types of Sancheonje were criticized for being unauthorized rituals(淫祀). Thus, the worship on Taeback Mountain was not listed in the national ritual system. However, changes occurred during the mid-Joseon period. King Jungjong ordered the government to hold Giuje at the sacred places recorded in Sinjeung-Donggukyeojiseungram(新增東國輿地勝覽), even though some of the places were not registered in the national ritual system. Although the governor of Andong(安東府使) Jeong Gu did not hold Giuje in person, he wrote an article on Giuje and made a Confucian scholar perform the rainmaking ritual. The royal secretary, Kim Joong-cheong, also the student of Jeong Gu, visited the Gyeongsang province to wrote a ritual inscription on behalf of the Gyeonsang provincial inspector, and held a national ritual to pray for rain on Taebaek Mountain. In the late Joseon Dynasty, Taebaek Mountain was registered in the national system, and local officials held a Giuje at Yongdam, leaving a ritual inscription. According to various records, at least by the 17th century AD, both Taebaek Mountain and Yongdam were registered in the national system and rituals at these locations were held as part of the national rituals. The importance of the Taebaek Mountain ritual during the Joseon Dynasty can be recognized from the rainmaking diary(祈雨日記) of Andong area. In June 1892, a total of nine rain rituals were held over a period of twenty days. The fact that only heavy rain fell during the rain ritual held at Taebaek Mountain convinced the people of the miraculous power the ritual must possess. This traditional offering to heaven at Taebaek Mountain, established in the Joseon dynasty, continued during the Japanese colonial period as well as the period of enlightenment. The rituals survived even after Korea was liberated from the Japanese colonial rule. What is interesting here is that the rituals were held not only in Confucian shrines such as Sajikdan(社稷壇) and Seonnongdan(先農壇), but also in Taoist shrines such as Gwanwangmyo(關王廟). In addition, the Hakga Mountain Giuje was offered at Guksabong(國思峰) peak in the Aeryeonsa(艾蓮寺) temple, while Taebaek Mountain Giuje was offered at the Gakhwasa(覺華寺) temple. This suggests that three Confucian and Buddhist temples held rainmaking rituals at the shrines of the Confucian-Buddhist-Taoist trinity. Moreover, since Hakgasan’s Guksabong peak and Galla Mountain’s(曷懶山) Munpilbong(文筆峰) peak are at the top of the mountain, it can be assumed that not only the common people but also the government offered rainmaking rituals at the top of the mountain.