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유전자원에의 접근 및 이익배분에 관한 나고야의정서상 세계다자이익배분체제 수립의 필요성과 형식에 대한 고찰

A Legal Analysis of the Need for and Modalities of a Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism (GMBSM) of the Nagoya Protocol

이선
고려대학교 법학연구원|2021.12|고려법학 (Korea Law Review)|제103호|pp. 217-262|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.36532/kulri.2021.103.217

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키워드

나고야의정서Nagoya Protocol상호합의조건Access and Benefit-Sharing(ABS)접근 및 이익배분양자적 이익배분체제사전통고승인세계다자이익배분체제Bilateral benefit-sharing mechanismPrior Informed Consent(PIC)Mutually Agreed Terms(MAT)Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism(GMBSM)
주제분류법학

초록

나고야의정서는 유전자원 제공자와 이용자의 양자적 관계를 중심으로 이익배분체제를 수립하고 있다. 나고야의정서의 양자적 이익배분체제는 이익배분을 받을 권리 주체가 확인이 되는 경우에 작동할 수 있기 때문에, 해당 권리 주체를 알 수 없는 경우에는 이익배분이 이루어지기 어렵다는 한계가 있다. 이러한 문제는 나고야의정서 수립과정에서 이미 예견된바, 동 의정서는 제10조를 통해 세계다자이익배분체제(GMBSM) 수립의 고려를 규정함으로써 대응의 실마리를 제공하고 있다. 그러나 GMBSM이 수립되기 위해서는 그 필요성과 형식에 대한 고려와 합의가 도출되어야 하는데, 이에 대한 이견이 좁혀지지 않아 난항을 겪고 있다. 이러한 배경에 따라 본 연구에서는 GMBSM 수립의 필요성이 과연 존재하는지에 대해 검토하였다. 월경성 상황과 PIC의 부여 또는 획득이 불가능한 경우가 실제 존재하고 있고, 국가 간의 협력이나 역량형성 프로젝트 등 이러한 문제의 해결을 위해 기존에 마련되어 있는 기제로는 여전히 양자적 이익배분체제에서 발생하는 한계 극복이 제한적이라는 점을 설명하였다. 나아가 GMBSM의 수립시 구상 가능한 법적 형식, 특히 물리적, 시제적 및 지리적 적용범위, 이익배분의 대상 식별 및 방법, 기금마련 등에 대한 개괄적인 방향을 제시하였다.

Abstract

The Nagoya Protocol has established a bilateral benefit-sharing mechanism between a user of genetic resources and a providing country in order to combat “biopiracy." However, effective implementation of the bilateral benefit-sharing mechanism is challenging since there are cases where the providing country cannot be identified, leading to failure of the benefit-sharing according to the Nagoya Protocol. In this regard, establishment of the Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism (GMBSM) in Article 10 of the Nagoya Protocol should be taken into serious consideration. Since Article 10 of the Nagoya Protocol requires Parties to the Protocol to consider both the need for and and the modalities of the GMBSM, it is necessary to reach an agreement among Parties on the need for the establishment of the GMBSM before moving on to a discussion of the modalities. This study argues that there are specific situations that justify the establishment of the GMBSM, including transboundary situations or situations where it is not possible to grant or obtain Prior Informed Consent (PIC). In particular, it stresses that situations, such as cooperation among Parties concerned or the capacity building projects in place, are difficult to resolve with measures provided in the existing bilateral benefit-sharing mechanism. In addition, this study suggests a framework for possible modalities of the GMBSM that would not undermine the bilateral approach upon which the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol are founded.

참고문헌 (49)

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