인공지능을 통한 전쟁수행은 정당한가 - 자율무기체계를 통한 국제인도법 준수가능성을 중심으로 -
Is an Armed Conflict through Artificial Intelligence Justified? - With Focus on Compliance of International HumanitarianLaw through Autonomous Weapon Systems -
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이 글에서는 인공지능을 통한 전쟁수행의 정당성 문제를 고찰한다. 이를 위해 인공지능의 기술적 특성, 무기체계에서의 자율성의 의미, 국제인도법의 주요 원칙의 준수가능성을 검토하였다. 자율무기체계란 일단 작동하기 시작하면 인간 운영자의 추가적인 개입 없이 군사목표물의 선택과 교전이 가능한 무기를 의미한다. 인공지능을 복잡한 가치판단에 활용하는 데서 비롯되는 공정성, 윤리, 설명가능성에 관한 기존 비판이 그대로 자율무기체계에도 적용된다. 특히 자율무기체계를 통한 국제인도법이나 국제형사법 위반 시 책임추궁이 어렵다는 책임공백 문제가 있다. 이러한 윤리적 우려를 해소하려면 군사목표물의 선택과 타격에 대한 인간의 통제와 감독기능을 유지함으로써 국제인도법 준수에 대한 인간의 책임을 유지해야 한다. 이 글에서는 자율무기체계의 활용이 현행 국제인도법과 충돌하는지, 만약 현행법이 이를 적절히 규율하지 못하고 있다면 어떠한 대안을 모색하여야 하는지를 살펴보았다. 국제인도법의 여러 원칙 중 자율무기체계와 관련하여 가장 문제되는 것이 바로 구별의 원칙과 비례의 원칙의 준수가능성이다. 오늘날 무력충돌이 민간인과 전투원의 구별이 어려운 비대칭적 환경에서 전개된다는 점을 고려할 때 자율무기체계를 통해 구별의 원칙을 준수하는 것이 쉽지 않으리라 생각된다. 또한, 비례의 원칙을 준수하려면 어떤 전략적 결정 이전에 사전적으로 군사적 이익과 예상되는 민간인 피해를 비교형량하는 평가를 하여야 한다. 국제인도법상 비례의 원칙은 군사상 이익과 민간인의 부수적 피해 사이의 엄격한 산술적 평가가 아닌 고도의 가치판단을 요구하는 원칙으로 간주된다. 그렇다면 현재의 인공지능 기술 수준에서 인간의 감독이나 통제 없이 구별의 원칙과 비례의 원칙을 준수하는 것은 쉽지 않을 것으로 생각한다. 자율무기체계는 그 자체로 금지되는 무기라고 볼 수는 없으나 그에 대한 적절한 국제법적 규제장치가 마련되기 전까지는 그 사용으로 인해 국제인도법 규칙의 준수가 불가능해지는 것은 최대한 방지할 필요가 있다. 자율무기체계에 대한 구속력 있는 조약을 마련하고 인간의 유의미한 통제 원칙이 확립될 때까지 국가들은 자율무기가 가져올 위험을 억제하기 위해 최선의 노력을 다할 책임이 있다.
Abstract
This article examines the question whether an armed conflict through the Artificial Intelligence(AI) is justified. For this purpose, it explores technical characteristics of the AI, the meaning of autonomy in weapon systems and (in)compatibility of principles of international humanitarian law to a warfare performed by Autonomous Weapon Systems(AWS). AWS denotes a type of weapons which is capable of choosing and engaging military targets without additional involvement by human soldiers, once being operated. In this regard, the current criticism concerning the utilization of the AI in complex decision-making, such as fairness, ethics and explicability is also related to the AWS. In order to relieve these ethical and legal concerns on the AWS, it is required to maintain the fundamental human control and supervision in the course of selecting and targeting the military targets when using the AWS. This article considers whether the employment of the AWS in the military collides with the current rules of international humanitarian law, and if the current principles of international humanitarian law do not adequately regulate the AWS what alternative options can be suggested. Concerning the employment of the AWS, it seems very difficult for state parties to comply with the principle of distinction and the principle of proportionality. It is partly due to the changed environment of today’s military conflict which is performed in situations where distinction between civilians and combatants is difficult. Furthermore, it is because proportionality principle requires state parties to duly compare estimated civilian damages with estimated military interests before making a certain strategic decision. It is not considered as strict arithmetic examination but as delicate value judgment. Considering this, it is impossible to comply with principles of humanitarian law only through the AWS at the current AI technology level. The AWS is not prohibited as such in current international law, but states and relevant interested parties shall come up with alternative regulations on the AWS in order to prevent the possible violation of international law when employing the AWS in an international armed conflict. States shall make best efforts to restrict the harm involving the AWS, in a way to make a binding international agreement and to establish the meaningful human control principle.
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