17세기 전후 지방성곽 축성에 대한 연구

Abstract

During the seventeenth century the Joseon dynasty made few systematic efforts to reinforce the defenses of its three southern provinces against Japanese pirates, particularly with regard to that part of its defense strategy related to fortress structures and fortification techniques. Despite the general tendency, some parts of Hanyang Fortress and other fortifications in and around the capital of Joseon, defensive facilities built to protect local administrative centers (eupseong), fortresses built to defend strategic places (yeongjinboseong), and mountain fortresses built as wartime shelters (sangseong) show the structures and techniques of a fortification architecture that was newly introduced in the seventeenth century. The new features were characterized by the application of the polygonal masonry (grengi gongbeop) technique to the outer part of a curtain wall, and the standardization of square and rectangular stone blocks used in the construction of fortifications. Other new features included the installation of “root stones” (geunseok) in the foundations of outer walls and the adoption of battlements designed to enable the effective use of small firearms. Another notable feature of the fortifications built in this period was the construction of outer walls that sloped outwards, showing the influence of Japanese fortification architecture. During this same period Joseon also tried to exploit certain fortifications which the invading Japanese forces had built in the late sixteenth century. As for the construction of the inner walls of Joseon fortresses, the core-and-veneer method was applied to all types of fortifications, while in some rare cases bricks or tiles were used rather than untrimmed stones. Some of the fortifications built around the seventeenth century also had semicircular “jar walls” that projected from the lower part of the outer wall, while the fortifications built to defend regional administrative centers had a “cylindrical path” (yongdo) that linked an outwork with the main part of the fortification. A classic example of the yongdo can be seen at Namhansanseong Fortress, which was used as a refuge by the royal family of Joseon during the Manchu invasion of the early seventeenth century. These new architectural features were mainly adopted at fortifications built to protect major provincial administrative units such as “Dohobu” and “Mok”, rather than lower administrative units such as Gun (i.e. county) and Hyeon (i.e. prefecture). The use of bricks and/or tiles was also limited to fortifications that performed special functions, such as the Outer Fortress in Ganghwa and Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon, and, though rarely, to the battlements of a limited number of prefectural fortifications (eupseong). However, the popularity of bricks and tiles as fortification building materials did not last long, largely due to economic reasons and their poor durability compared with stones. The jar wall and cylindrical path were also used for a limited number of mountain fortresses (sanseong) built to defend strategically important local administrative centers. Other distinctive features of fortification architecture that were introduced in the seventeenth century but failed to spread nationwide include the arched gate, the post-and-lintel system, and a modified type of arched gate. In conclusion, the new trends of fortification architecture adopted in the seventeenth century could not be introduced across the entire country for a number of reasons. For example, unlike in the early phase of the Joseon dynasty, no major state-financed fortress construction projects were conducted in the seventeenth century due to the inability of the ruling class to bear the financial burden of the high wages that would have to be paid to the builders of fortresses. Furthermore, there was a general lack of awareness of the importance of national defense following a prolonged period of peace, while the development of small firearms and the rise of military units dependent on firearms contributed to the emergence of a view that devalued the functions of traditional fortifications and their paramount place in the national defense strategy.