Aktionsart, progressive aspect and underspecification
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper focuses on aspectual progressives in English and accounts for the interaction of the progressive aspect and Aktionsart by treating verbs as lexically underspecified for stativity and punctuality. Since Vendler (1957), it has largely been assumed that state and achievement verbs are incompatible with progressives (e.g. *I am knowing the answer and *I am recognising a mistake). Yet, according to Dowty (1972, 1979), Mourelatos (1978), Bach (1981) and Biber et al. (1999), among others, there are progressives that are resistant to this line of analysis (e.g. We are living in London and John is dying). The present account reconciles these positions by proposing that verbs are partially underspecified for aspectual type in the lexicon. More specifically, the proposed account follows Van Valin & LaPolla (1997) in treating Vendler’s (1957) verb classes in terms of bundles of binary-valued features, namely [±static], [±telic] and [±punctual]. However, unlike in Van Valin & LaPolla (1997), these features are not fully specified in lexical entries. States are lexically unspecified for the distinctive feature [static]. The feature [punctual], which characterises achievements, likewise remains unspecified in the lexicon. The key idea of the present account is that the value of any unspecified feature F is resolved once in a given context by the use of certain adverbials and so on. By invoking the notion of ‘underspecification’, it is possible to accommodate counterexamples to Vendler’s (1957) claims.
Abstract
This paper focuses on aspectual progressives in English and accounts for the interaction of the progressive aspect and Aktionsart by treating verbs as lexically underspecified for stativity and punctuality. Since Vendler (1957), it has largely been assumed that state and achievement verbs are incompatible with progressives (e.g. *I am knowing the answer and *I am recognising a mistake). Yet, according to Dowty (1972, 1979), Mourelatos (1978), Bach (1981) and Biber et al. (1999), among others, there are progressives that are resistant to this line of analysis (e.g. We are living in London and John is dying). The present account reconciles these positions by proposing that verbs are partially underspecified for aspectual type in the lexicon. More specifically, the proposed account follows Van Valin & LaPolla (1997) in treating Vendler’s (1957) verb classes in terms of bundles of binary-valued features, namely [±static], [±telic] and [±punctual]. However, unlike in Van Valin & LaPolla (1997), these features are not fully specified in lexical entries. States are lexically unspecified for the distinctive feature [static]. The feature [punctual], which characterises achievements, likewise remains unspecified in the lexicon. The key idea of the present account is that the value of any unspecified feature F is resolved once in a given context by the use of certain adverbials and so on. By invoking the notion of ‘underspecification’, it is possible to accommodate counterexamples to Vendler’s (1957) claims.
참고문헌 (78)
- Adams, Larin K., "Complex events and the semantics of -ing sentential complements", Ph.D., pp.1999
- Archangeli, Diana, "Underspecification in Yawelmani Phonology and Morphology" (1988), Garland
- Archangeli, Diana, "The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 9", pp.4829~4833 (1994), Pergamon Press
- Bach, Emmon, "Radical Pragmatics", pp.63~81 (1981), Academic Press
- Baker, Carl L., "English Syntax" (1995), MIT Press
- Biber, Douglas, "Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English" (1999), Longman
- Blevins, James P, "Markedness and agreement", Transactions of the Philological Society, 98(2), pp.233~262 (2000)
- Brasington, Ron, "The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 2", pp.1042~1050, Pergamon Press
- Brinton, Laurel J., "The Development of English Aspectual Systems: Aspectualizers and Post-Verbal Particles" (1988), Cambridge University Press
- EFL Teacher’s Course, "The Grammar Book: An ESL", pp.1999, Celce-Murcia, Marianne
- Collins, Peter, "The Progressive Aspect in World Englishes : A Corpus-Based Study", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 28(2), pp.225~249 (2008)
- Comrie, Bernard, "Aspect" (1976), Cambridge University Press
- Cowan, Ron, "The Teacher’s Grammar of English" (2008), Cambridge University Press
- Dahl, Östen, "Tense and Aspect", pp.79~90 (1981), Academic Press
- Declerck, Renaat, "Aspect and the bounded", unbounded(telic, Linguistics, pp.1979, 17[DOI]
- Depraetere, Ilse, "On the necessity of distinguishing between(un)boundedness and(a)telicity", Linguistics and Philosophy, 18(1), pp.1~19 (1995)
- Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Mila, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.937~959 (2012), Oxford University Press
- Dowty, David R., "Studies in the Logic of Verb Aspect and Time Reference in English", Ph.D, pp.1972
- Dowty, David R, "The stative in the progressive and other essence", accident contrasts, 1975, pp.6(4), 579~588
- Dowty, David R, "Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ" (1979), Reidel
- Dowty, David R, "The effects of aspectual class on the temporal structure of discourse:semantics or pragmatics?", Linguistics and Philosophy, 9(1), pp.37~61 (1986)
- Fabb, Nigel, "How to Write Essays, Dissertations, and Theses in Literary Studies" (1993), Longman
- Farkas, Donca F, "Two cases of underspecification in morphology", Linguistic Inquiry, 21(4), pp.539~550 (1990)
- Filip, Hana, "Aspect, Eventuality Types and Nominal Reference" (1999), Routledge
- Filip, Hana, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.721~751 (2012), Oxford University Press
- Fillmore, Charles J., "Lectures on Deixis" (1971), Indiana University Linguistics Club
- Filppula, Markku, "The Grammar of Irish English: Language in Hibernian Style" (1999), Routledge
- Harris, John, "Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles", pp.139~186 (1993), Longman
- 홍기선, "영어와 한국어의 진행상", 언어, 38(4), pp.1049~1092 (2013), 한국언어학회
- Huddleston, Rodney, "The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language", pp.71~212 (2002), Cambridge University Press
- Hundt, Marianne, "Animacy, agentivity, and the spread of the progressive in Modern English", English Language and Linguistics, 8(1), pp.47~69 (2004)
- Hyams, Nina, "Generative Perspectives on Language Acquisition: Empirical Findings, Theoretical Considerations and Crosslinguistic Comparisons", pp.91~127 (1996), John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Jensen, John T., "Morphology is in the lexicon!", Linguistic Inquiry, 15(3), pp.474~498 (1984)
- Kabakčiev, Krasimir, "Aspect in English: A “Common-Sense” View of the Interplay between Verbal and Nominal Referents" (2000), Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Kearns, Kate, "Semantics" (2000), Macmillan
- Kim, Kee-Ho, "Phonological implications of underspecification in feature hierarchy", Linguistic Research, 10, pp.145~161 (1991)
- Kranich, Svenja, "The Progressive in Modern English: A Corpus-Based Study of Grammaticalization and Related Changes" (2010), Rodopi
- Kučera, Henry, "Tense and Aspect", pp.177~189 (1981), Academic Press
- Lee, Seung-Ah, "Progressives and Aspectual Verb Constructions in English", Ph.D., pp.2004
- 이승아, "The Synchronic Status of English Progressives", 영어영문학, 52(5), pp.1131~1154 (2006), 한국영어영문학회
- 이승아, "Non-aspectual Uses of the English Progressive", 영어영문학, 57(6), pp.1067~1088 (2011), 한국영어영문학회
- Leech, Geoffrey, "Meaning and the English Verb" (1987), Longman
- Leech, Geoffrey, "Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study" (2009), Cambridge University Press
- Ljung, Magnus, "Reflections on the English Progressive" (1980), Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis
- Lumsden, John S, "Underspecification in grammatical and natural gender", Linguistic Inquiry, 23(3), pp.469~486 (1992)
- Lys, Franziska, "Papers from the 22nd Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS 22, Part 1)", pp.216~230 (1986), Chicago Linguistic Society
- Mair, Christian, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.803~827 (2012), Oxford University Press
- "A unification-based model of aspectual type-shifting" (2003)[URL]
- Michaelis, Laura A, "Type shifting in construction grammar : An integrated approach to aspectual coercion", Cognitive Linguistics, 15(1), pp.1~67 (2004)
- Moens, Marc, "Temporal ontology and temporal reference", Computational Linguistics, 14(2), pp.15~28 (1988)
- Mourelatos, Alexander. P. D, "Events, processes, and states", Linguistics and Philosophy, 2(3), pp.415~434 (1978)
- Naumann, Ralf, "Aspects of changes : A dynamic event semantics", Journal of Semantics, 18(1), pp.27~81 (2001)
- Nelson, Gerald, "Exploring Natural Language: Working with the British Component of the International Corpus of English" (2002), John Benjamins
- Palmer, Frank R., "The English Verb" (1988), Longman
- Quirk, Randolph, "A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language" (1985), Longman
- "R: A language and environment for statistical computing" (2013)[URL]
- Rothstein, Susan, "Structuring Events: A Study in the Semantics of Lexical Aspect" (2004), Blackwell
- Sag, Ivan A., "New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English", pp.83~95 (1973), Georgetown University Press
- Scheffer, Johannes, "The Progressive in English" (1975), North-Holland Publishing Company
- Scott, Mike, "WordSmith Tools Version 5" (2008), Lexical Analysis Software
- Sharma, Devyani, "Typological diversity in New Englishes", English World-Wide, 30(2), pp.170~195 (2009)
- Shirai, Yasuhiro., "The L2 Acquisition of Tense-Aspect Morphology", pp.455~478 (2002), John Benjamins
- Smith, Carlota S, "A theory of aspectual choice", Language, 59(3), pp.479~501 (1983)
- Smith, Carlota S., "The Parameter of Aspect" (1997), Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Smith, Nicholas., "New Frontiers of Corpus Research", pp.317~330 (2002), Rodopi
- Steriade, Donca, "The Handbook of Phonological Theory", pp.114~174 (1995), Blackwell
- Swart, Henriëtte de, "Aspect shift and coercion", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 16(2), pp.347~385 (1998)
- Taniwaki, Yasuko., "Achievement Verbs and the Progressive Meanings", Journal of Osaka Sangyo University. Humanities, 117, pp.41~54 (2005)
- Van Valin, Robert D., Jr., "Exploring the Syntax-Semantics Interface" (2005), Cambridge University Press
- Van Valin, Robert D., Jr., "Syntax: Structure, Meaning and Function" (1997), Cambridge University Press
- Vendler, Zeno, "Verbs and times", The Philosophical Review, 66, pp.143~160 (1957)
- Verkuyl, Henk J., "A Theory of Aspectuality: The Interaction between Temporal and Atemporal Structure" (1993), Cambridge University Press
- Verkuyl, Henk J., "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.563~585 (2012), Oxford University Press
- Wada, Naoaki, "On the so-called future-progressive construction", English Language and Linguistics, 17(3), pp.391~414 (2013)
- Waugh, Linda R., "The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 5", pp.2378~2383 (1994), Pergamon Press
- Wunderlich, Dieter, "Minimalist morphology: An Approach to Inflection", Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 14(2), pp.236~294 (1995)
- Xiao, Zhonghua, "A corpus-based two-level model of situation aspect", Journal of Linguistics, 40(2), pp.325~363 (2004)
- Zucchi, Sandro, "Events and Grammar", pp.349~370 (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishers