난민 유입 시기의 난민·이민자수용성 및 위협인식 변화
Changes in Koreans’ Attitudes towards Refugees and Immigrants and in Threat Perceptions after an Influx of Asylum Seekers
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초록
이 연구는 국민다문화수용성조사 2015년과 2018년 자료를 활용하여 2018년 예멘난민 사태로 인한 난민수용성 및 이민자수용성, 위협인식의 변화를 분석한다. 난민 유입으로 인한 수용성 감소는 내국인 개인에게 가해지는 경제적 위협이나 사회·문화적위협의 증가 때문이라는 민족경쟁가설이나, 국가 전체에 가해지는 사회심리적 위협의증가 때문이라는 사회지향적우려가설로 설명할 수 있다. 이 연구는 2015년과 2018년사이에 일어난 지역·직업·소득별 수용성 변화 차이를 관찰함으로써 수용성 변화가 민족경쟁가설을 뒷받침하는지 검증한다. 분석 결과, 해당기간 동안 예멘 난민 유입으로인해 난민수용성 감소 현상이 뚜렷하였고, 이민자수용성 감소 현상 및 일자리 위협인식 증가 현상도 특정 직업군에서 관찰되었다. 하지만, 수용성 감소가 안정적인 직업군에서 더 큰 폭으로 나타나 최근 한국인의 난민 및 이민자수용성은 개인별 경쟁 우려보다 사회지향적 우려에서 기인된 것으로 판단된다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the changes in Koreans’ attitudes towards refugees and immigrants and in threat perceptions after the entrance of Yemeni asylum seekers in 2018 by using the 2015 and 2018 waves of Studies on Korea Multicultural Acceptability. A change in natives’ acceptability caused by an influx of asylum seekers can be attributed to increased economic and sociocultural threats perceived by the natives, which is related to ethnic competition hypothesis. On the other hand, decreased acceptability can also be attributed to increased socio-psychological threats perceived by the natives, known as sociotropic concerns. This study examines the changes in attitudes towards refugees and immigrants with respect to natives’ regions of residence, jobs, and income quintiles. Between 2015 and 2018, the attitudes towards refugees significantly decreased, and attitudes towards immigrants and job threat perceptions worsened among certain occupational groups. However, the changes were bigger in magnitude among natives with stable jobs, which implies that Koreans attitudes towards refugees and immigrants are influenced by sociotropic concerns.
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