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동아시아 지역내 지구화되는 도시와 경계초월 도시 네트워크: 부산-후쿠오카 "공동생활구역(common living sphere)" 사례 연구

Globalizing Cities and Transborder Urban Networks in East Asia : The Case of the Busan-Fukuoka “Common Living Sphere”

마이크 더글라스
인문학연구소 (Institute for Humanities)|2011.10|도시인문학연구 (Studies in Urban Humanities)|제3권 제2호|pp. 9-53

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지구화도시 네트워크경계초월공동생활구역
주제분류기타인문학

초록

도시간 장거리 네트워크는 역사적으로, 민족국가 성립보다 훨씬 이전에 등장했다. 현재, 21세기로 접어들면서 도시들은 다시금 세계적으로 연계됨으로써 국가 경계의 종속으로부터 풀려나기 시작했다. 그러나 이 과정은 극도의 불균등한 과정으로 진행되고 있다. 상대적으로 적은 몇 안되는 메가-도시지역(mega-urban region)만이 글로벌 경제의 중심 역할을 하고 있는 동시에 그 도시에서 국가 시스템을 장악하고 있다. 다른 많은 도시들은 심각한 경제 침체와 심지어 인구 감소를 경험하고 있다. 크건 작건 모든 도시들은 선출된 정부의 공적 영역의 통치로부터 벗어나 점차 사적 영역인 기업의 권력과 결정권에 의해 관리되는 하나의 군도로 급변하고 있다. 이에 따라 국가 차원에서 도시 차원으로 권력을 이양하려는 정치적 동향은 도시내 시민 사회의 보다 적극적 참여를 약속하는 방향으로 나가려 하지만, 신자유주의의 정부 축소 경향, 도시 지역의 사유화 그리고 지속되는 금융위기가 이 가능성을 잠식시키고 있다. 이런 모순적인 경향은 도시의 미래에 대한 중요한 질문을 야기하는 데 그치지 않고 더 중요하게 과연 미래의 사회가 민주적 제도를 통해 스스로를 통치할 수 있을 것인가 하는 문제도 던진다. 부산-후쿠오카 간 협력적 "생활구역(living sphere)"의 사례는 이 쟁점을 통찰하기 위한 것이다.

Abstract

Long-distance intercity networks appeared in history well before the nation-state. Now, in the 21st century, cities are again becoming unbound from national territorial subordination as they link across the globe. This is a highly uneven process, however. A relatively small number of mega-urban regions are world centers articulating the global economy, and they also dominate their national systems of cities. Many other cities are experiencing serious economic downturns and are even shrinking in population size. Whether big or small, all cities are rapidly shifting from being governed under a public sphere of elected governments to being managed as archipelagos of private spheres of corporate power and decision making. Thus while political moves to devolve power from the national to city scale hold the promise of a more active participation of civil society in urban governance, the neoliberal turn toward downsizing government, privatizing urban space, and creating chronic fiscal crises undermines this possibility. These contrary trends raise important questions not only about the future of cities but, more importantly, the future of society to govern itself through democratic institutions. The case of Busan-Fukuoka cooperative “living sphere” is used to explore these issues.

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