명대 말기 학술공동체와 정치 네트워크 연구 - 동림과 복사를 중심으로 -

Abstract

Academies as Confucian academic communities and Teaching and Learning Networks during the period of Ming and Qing, China did not aim at the uniform sameness. Rather, they freely discussed studies and politics altogether. To examine the aspects of the development and advancement of academies and teaching and learning systems, which became earnest since the mid-Ming Dynasty of China, it is no doubt that we cannot skip the figures in the line of Wang Yangming's Philosophy, like Zhan Ruoshui (1466-1560) and Wang Shouren (1472-1529). In addition, it is impossible not to mention the two persons either concerning the appearance of active academic debates and various academic schools from the camp of Yangmingism during the Late Ming Dynasty. Definitely, those who made the greatest contribution to the institutionalization of teaching and learning in academy since the mid-Ming Dynasty was Yangming School, that is, Wang Shouren and his pupils. On the other hand, it is insufficient to understand the history of Confucian thoughts of China during the late Ming period and the early Qing period without Donglin School in the line of Zhuxiism, who actively developed fierce academic debates with them (Left-wing of Yangmingism) and Liu Zongzhou of Jishan School, who attempted the compromise and fusion between Zhuxiism and Yangmingism. This study understood the Confucian academic and political aspects of the academy, incorporation, and teaching and learning, which flourished like an active volcano in the late Ming Dynasty as an example of the Confucian academic communities during the pre-modern times in East Asia, putting academy and teaching and learning traditions during the pre-modern times of China into the scope of research. Thus, this study recognized all the aspects of the academy and teaching and learning during the Song and Ming Dynasties, in terms of Confucian academic community and discussed the aspects of the academy and teaching and learning during the Ming Dynasty and the raison d'etre of the academy during the Ming Dynasty and Confucian academic discourse and the real political discourses, which are the main contents of teaching and learning. In addition, this study concretely investigated the aspects of the development of Donglin School as an important academic and political network during the late Ming Dynasty and Fushe, which is also called Xiaodonglin.