퇴계 경(敬) 사상에 대한 칸트 선험윤리적 해석

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to compare Toegye's moral theory and Kant's moral theory. In particular, I examine Gyeong in Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning(聖學十圖) and the feeling of respect for moral law in Critique of Practical Reason. Therefore, I explore the similarities by comparing the concepts in Toegye's thought with the concepts moral law, duty, respect for moral law in Kant's moral theory. The concept Gyeong is the main concept to understand cultivation theory of Confucianism. The concept Gyeong claims to be the beginning and the end of Sage Learning(聖學). The concept of Gyeong is to reflect on human desires and delicate movements in mind when coming into contact with objects. The concept of Gyeong is a concept that defines human moral behavior. The role of Gyeong is to remove human desires that occur at every moment. Kant also rejects sensory desire and tries to act in accordance with innate moral laws. Toegye's concept Gyeong is connected with Kant's concept respect for moral law. The feeling of respect for moral laws is the motive for moral behavior. Toegye and Kant emphasize concept Gyeong, moral laws as a methodology of cultivation that control one's desire and mind. Moral behavior is to suppress desires and emotions arising from tendency, and it is to lead to the world of morality and intelligence. Physical human beings have the duality living in the real world and the world of morality and intelligence at the same time. Physical human beings constantly moves back and forth between reality and ideal. It is a human being who is of duality that has the ability to transcend human limits. It is the essence of human beings that he can transcend his own limits. In this way, Toegye's concept Gyeong and Kant's moral theory presuppose the good nature of human beings. The realization of nature in specific situations is explained by the revelation of innate nature(性) and emotions(情). Toegye tries to overcome this moral conflict through the activity of Gyeong, which focuses his mind on one. The feeling of respect for the moral laws is the driving force that directs the morality, not the desire of reality. Human beings have the dualtiy that live in the phenomenal and intelligible world. In this respect, the structure of moral theory between Toegye and Kant is similar, and the method of resolving the conflict is similar. Morality appears in various forms depending on the times and cultures, but morality based on human universality is essentially similar. Toegye and Kant argue that the pursuit of happiness based on human desires is contrary to universal morality.