북한 연료림 조성 현황과 조림수종에 대한 고찰
Current Status of Afforestation in North Korea and Consideration of Tree Species for Afforestation
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북한 산림황폐화의 원인 중 하나는 1990년대 에너지 위기 이후로 목재에너지를 지나치게 많이 사용한 것으로 지목되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고여전히 땔감문제 해결이 요구되며, 경작지 부족으로 인하여 강하천과 저수지 등 주변 습기가 높은 비경작지에서도 생산성과 발열량이 높은 수종을식재하여 땔감문제를 해결하려는 노력들이 시도되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 북한의 연료림 조성에 적용 가능한 수종을 대상으로 남북한 기술 현황검토를 통해 향후 남북산림협력 및 기술 교류 등을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 북한에서 땔나무림으로 조성되었거나 활용되고있는 수종으로는 아까시나무, 포플러, 버드나무 및 오리나무 등이 있다. 아까시나무(북한명: 아카시아나무)는 연료림 조성을 위한 주요 수종으로조림 및 품종 육성 등이 지속적으로 연구되고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 최근 언론보도 등 문헌을 살펴보면 산림 내 연료림(땔나무림) 조성만으로는부족한 실정으로 강하천과 저수지 등 비경작지에 식재 가능한 포플러와 버드나무 등 속성수의 육성 품종(상원뽀뿌라나무, 참대버드나무 등)을활용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 남한에서도 포플러류와 버드나무류는 탄소흡수원 확충, 바이오매스 생산 등을 위한 형질개량 및 품종 육성 연구가수행된 바 있다. 포플러류 중 분포범위가 넓은 사시나무는 근맹아에 의한 번식방법을 이용하여 북한내 많은 지역에서 연료림으로 활용가능할것이다. 또한 버드나무류의 바이오매스 증진을 위해 종간교잡을 시도한 사례 등 유전개량 및 품종육성을 통한 연료림 조성 기술협력이 가능할것이다. 속성수를 주거지 인근 비경작지 식재를 위하여 북한에서 원림조성에 활용되고 있는 포플러류와 버드나무류를 활용할 수 있으며, 수확갱신을 통한 이용방안은 추가적으로 모색되어야 할 것이다.
Abstract
One of the causes of forest devastation in North Korea is attributed to the excessive use of wood energy following the energy crisis. However, a solution to the fuelwood production problem is still necessary. Due to a shortage of arable land, efforts are underway toaddress this issue by planting tree species with high productivity and calorific value in wet, uncultivated areas around rivers and reservoirs. In this review, the aim is to provide foundational information for future inter-Korean forestry cooperation and technological exchangeby examining the technological status of North and South Korea in afforestation, fuel production forest, and recent research. This willbe done based on South Korea's experiences with afforestation and fuel production forest, considering the applicability of tree speciesfor fuel wood production in North Korea. Tree species created or utilized for fuel wood forests in North Korea include black locust,poplar, willow, and alder. It has been observed that black locusts are the primary tree species for creating fuelwood forests, with continuousefforts in afforestation and cultivar cultivation. Recent articles suggest that establishing a fuel forest within the existing forest is notsufficient. Cultivated varieties of poplar and willow (such as Sangwon poplar and Chamdae willow) are now being utilized. In SouthKorea, poplar and willow are also fast-growing trees, and research on trait improvement and breeding has recently been conducted toexpand carbon sinks and produce biomass. Aspen, which has a wide distribution range among poplars, can be used for fuel production forests in many areas of North Korea, as the method of propagation by root cutting is known. Additionally, technical cooperation infuel production forest development through genetic improvement and breeding will be possible, such as the case of interspecifichybridization between Salix caprea and Salix gracilistyla to increase willow biomass. To plant fast-growing trees in non-cultivated landnear residential areas, the willow and poplar species used in North Korea for creating gardens can be employed. Exploring additionalmethods for their use through harvest renewal is crucial.
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