치까나 페미니즘 문학과 경계
Chicana Feminism Literature and Border
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이 글은 ‘경계’ 개념을 중심으로 치까나 페미니즘 문학을 살피는 것이 목적이다. 경계지대와 치까노/나는 미국의 멕시코 땅 ‘정복’과 인종주의의 결합으로 생겨났는데, 경계지대의 형성으로 미국과 멕시코 국경 지역에 거주하던 사람들은 미국에서는 멕시코인으로 멕시코에서는 미국인으로 인식되어 왔다. 때문에 경계지대의 새로운 문화시민인 치까노/나들은 상징적으로 그리고 물리적으로 경계를 지속적으로 넘나들어왔다. 그런데 그들이 가로질러야 하는 경계는 단지 지리적인 경계만이 아니라 언어, 정신, 심리, 민족, 인종의 경계이기도 하다. 그러므로 치까노/나들은 한 집단의 문화적, 정신적 가치가 다른 집단의 그것으로 변화하는 산물로서의 인간이다. 인종, 국가, 언어, 젠더, 섹슈얼리티 및 문화들 간 ‘교차로’에서의 삶에서 메스띠사 의식이 생겨난다. 그 같은 한계적이고 파편적으로 경험된 주체성에 목소리를 부여하기 위해 치까나 페미니스트 작가들은 장르 범주화에 맞서며 모든 상이한 장르의 경계를 가로지른다. 또한 치까나들은 스페인어로도 영어로도 완전히 정체성을 부여할 수 없는 존재들이기에 두 언어의 코드 바꾸기라는 방법을 이용하는데, 그것은 경계인인 그들만의 고유 언어를 창조하는 일이다. 그러므로 코드 바꾸기는 문화를 가로지르는 정체성의 표현이요 그들의 문학을 문화적 경계에 위치시키는 일이기도 하다. 그리고 장차 치까나 페미니스트들이 넘어야 할 또 하나의 중요한 경계는 바로 치까나 지식인과 치까나 대중 간의 경계다.
Abstract
In this article we consider Chicana Feminism literature focusing on the concept ‘border.’ The borderlands and chicano/as were formed as a result of the combination of the United States’s ‘conquest’ of the Mexican territories with the racism. With the formation of the borderlands, the people on the U.S./Mexico border have been viewed by Americans as Mexicans but by Mexicans as Americans. Then as new cultural citizens on the borderlands, chicano/as symbolically and physically have crossed over the border constantly. It is not only geographic border but also linguistic, spiritual, psychological, ethnic and racial borders that they have to travel. Therefore chicano/as are products of the transition of the cultural and spiritual values of one group to another. Because mestiza consciousness is born of life in the ‘crossroad’ between races, nations, languages, genders, sexualities and cultures, chicanas have multiple identities. To give voice to that subjectivity experienced as marginal and fragmentary, chicana feminist authors resist generic categorization and cross all the different genres. Chicanas can’t be entirely identified with neither Spanish nor English, then they use ‘code switching’ between two languages. That is creation of their own language. Linguistic code switching is expressing cross-cultural identities and locating their literature on cultural border. But chicana feminists must cross over another important border, the border or gap between chicana intellects and the working chicana masses.
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