Building Nonprocedural Legitimacy in Modern Southeast Asia - A Case Study on the Latter Period of Sukarno’s Regime in Indonesia
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This paper attempts to explain how Sukarno, the first President of Indonesia, employed nonprocedural legitimacy originated not from the modern institutions but from the traditional concept of power in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, to justify his political behaviors and to fortify his regime. I argue that Sukarno continuously claimed an existence of the political crises, which were imagined to be originated from the Western ‘imperialist threats.’ After hosting the Asian-African Conference in Bandung in 1955, Sukarno’s discontent toward Westernized political institutions accelerated. In detail, to justify demolishing the legitimacy embedded in preexisting institutions and to legitimate the new politically syncretized institutions that he invented, Sukarno aimed at establishing routinized political crises, especially those caused by the imperialist threats imagined to attack the territory of the ‘Indonesian nation.’ I particularly suggest that the campaign to reclaim West Irian (Papua) from the Dutch from 1961 to 1962 and the Confrontation (Konfrontasi) with the newly establishing Malaysia and the British government were the key events in which Sukarno utilized them to legitimize his ‘Guided Democracy.’
Abstract
This paper attempts to explain how Sukarno, the first President of Indonesia, employed nonprocedural legitimacy originated not from the modern institutions but from the traditional concept of power in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, to justify his political behaviors and to fortify his regime. I argue that Sukarno continuously claimed an existence of the political crises, which were imagined to be originated from the Western ‘imperialist threats.’ After hosting the Asian-African Conference in Bandung in 1955, Sukarno’s discontent toward Westernized political institutions accelerated. In detail, to justify demolishing the legitimacy embedded in preexisting institutions and to legitimate the new politically syncretized institutions that he invented, Sukarno aimed at establishing routinized political crises, especially those caused by the imperialist threats imagined to attack the territory of the ‘Indonesian nation.’ I particularly suggest that the campaign to reclaim West Irian (Papua) from the Dutch from 1961 to 1962 and the Confrontation (Konfrontasi) with the newly establishing Malaysia and the British government were the key events in which Sukarno utilized them to legitimize his ‘Guided Democracy.’
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