인구고령화가 경제성장에 미치는 영향
The Effect of Population Aging on Growth
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인구고령화는 경제성장은 물론 인플레이션, 경상수지, 재정 등 거시경제 전반에 영향을 미친다. 다만 인구고령화가 구체적으로 거시경제에 어떻게 얼마만큼 영향을 미칠지는 경제주체들의 행태, 제도, 정책 등에 크게 영향을 받는 만큼 그 효과는 앞으로 우리가 인구고령화에 어떻게 대응하느냐에 따라 다르다. 인구고령화가 거시경제에 미치는 영향 가운데 경제성장에 미치는 영향을 간단한 성장회계 모형을 바탕으로 통계청의 인구추계를 반영하여 추정해 본 결과 인구고령화로 인해 2000~15년 기간 중 연평균 3.9%에 달했던 우리나라의 경제성장률은 2016~25년 기간 중에는 1.9%, 2026~35년 기간 중에는 0.4%로 하락하는 것으로 추정되었다. 그러나 인구고령화에 대비하여 정년을 연장하고 여성의 경제활동 참가율을 높이는 한편 생산성을 높이고 출산율을 높이는 등의 종합적인 대책을 마련하여 시행한다면 경제성장률을 향후 10년 내에는 연평균 2% 후반, 20년 내에는 1% 중반 정도는 유지할 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다. 인구고령화가 거시경제에 미치는 영향은 정책대응에 따라 크게 달라지는 만큼 국가 차원에서 인구고령화 속도를 늦추고 고령화의 부정적 효과를 완화하는 종합대책을 세우고 각 부분별 세부계획을 수립하여 실천해 나갈 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Population aging has a profound influence on the overall economic variables, such as inflation, current account and public finance, as well as economic growth. However, more specifically, how and to what extent population aging affects economy is considerably influenced by economic system, agents’ behaviour, and policy maker’s policies. Thus, the effect of population aging will be determined by our responses to the challenges. This paper estimates the effect of population aging on economic growth based on a simple growth accounting model, reflecting the demographic projection released by the National Statistics Office. The result shows that the economic growth rate of Korea is estimated to gradually decline from 3.9% (2000 to 2015) to 1.9% (2016 to 2025) to 0.4% (2026 to 2035) on annual average. However, if Korea implements comprehensive measures (e.g. extending retirement age, encouraging women’s economic participation, along with improving productivity and fertility rates) responding to population aging, the economic growth rate is predicted to maintain around upper 2% in 10 years and around mid 1% in 20 years on annual average. Since the effect of population aging on economy may be dramatically changed according to policy responses, comprehensive measures should be set up at the national level to reduce the speed of population aging and to alleviate negative effects, followed by more detailed action plans in each sector.
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