중앙은행 디지털화폐(CBDC) 발행의 의의 및 필요성
Essential Roles of CBDC in the Payment System
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초록
디지털 전환 속에서 중앙은행 디지털화폐(central bank digital currency; CBDC)는 다음의 필수적 역할을 통해 통화제도의 안정성과 효율성을 유지, 개선하고 지급결제시스템의 혁신을 촉진할 것으로 보인다. 첫째, 현금 사용 감소와 현금 관련 인프라 축소 하에서 CBDC는 디지털 법정화폐의 인프라 확충을 통해 현금 의존도가 높은 지역 및 계층의 지급결제서비스 접근성을 확보할 수 있다. 둘째, 빅테크의 지급결제서비스 시장 진입에 따른 시장지배력 증대 및 데이터 집중 하에서 CBDC는 개방형 지급결제서비스 인프라를 제공함으로써 경쟁 및 혁신을 촉진하고 사용자 데이터 및 프라이버시 보호에 기여할 수 있다. 셋째, 가격 변동성이 높은 민간 암호화폐의 확산 속에서 CBDC는 공적 신뢰를 지닌 지급결제수단과 암호화폐의 준비자산 역할을 통해 디지털경제 통화제도의 신뢰와 건전성 유지에 기여할 수 있다. 끝으로 CBDC는 연령별·지역별 디지털 격차를 축소하고 국가 간 지급결제서비스의 효율성을 제고할 수 있다.
Abstract
In the digital transformation, central bank digital currency (CBDC) is to play the following essential roles in improving the stability and efficiency of the monetary system as well as stimulating innovation in the payment system. First, in the face of reduced cash use and reduced cash-related infrastructure such as ATM, CBDC can secure access to payment and settlement services for those highly dependent on cash by expanding infrastructure for digital fiat currency. Second, CBDC can not only promote competition and innovation but also contribute to user data and privacy protection by providing open payment service infrastructure under the increasing market dominance and data concentration following the entry of big tech into the payment service market. Third, amid the proliferation of private cryptocurrencies with high price volatility, CBDC can contribute to maintaining the reliability and soundness of the digital economy's monetary system by serving as a means of payment with public trust and a reserve asset for private cryptocurrencies. Finally, CBDC can reduce the digital divide across generations/regions and improve the efficiency of cross-border payment between countries.
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