수도권 대기질 관리의 쟁점과 과제
Issues and Tasks for Air Quality Management in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area
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금년 1월 1일부터 수도권 대기환경개선에 관한 특별법이 시행되었다. 특별법의 시행으로 정부는 현재 각각 76μg/m3과 36ppb 수준인 PM10과 NO2의 연평균을 10년 내 40μg/m3과 20ppb까지 낮출 것을 목표하고 있다. 특별법에서는 주로 PM10과 NO2와 같은 1차 오염물질만을 언급하고 있으나 정부는 이들의 농도가 낮아짐으로써 고농도 오존과 시정 장애도 개선될 것을 기대하고 있다. 그러나 중국으로부터 오염물질 유입과 광화학 반응에 의한 2차 생성으로 인하여 국지 배출 저감에 의한 PM10의 농도 감소 효과는 크지 않을 수 있다. 실제 고농도 오존이 빈번한 오존 시즌 동안 수도권 PM10의 대부분은 지역규모의 2차 생성 비중이 높은 PM2.5 이다. 뿐만 아니라 많은 모델링 결과들이 수도권의 상당한 지역에서, NOx를 줄일 경우 오존 농도가 상승하는 소위 ‘NOx 불이익’ 현상이 나타날 수 있음을 지적하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 수도권의 오염 현황을 살펴보고, 장거리 이동 효과와 광화학 오염 특성 등 이슈와 함께, 특별법의 성공적 이행에 필요한 과제들에 대하여 논의하였다.
Abstract
On January 1, 2005, the Special Act on Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement, known as the Blue Sky 21 Program, entered into force. This Special Act is aimed at reducing the annual average concentrations of PM10 and NO2 to 40μg/m3 and 22ppb, respectively, from their current levels of 76μg/m3 and 36ppb, within the next 10 years. While the main focus of the Act is to reduce PM10 and NO2 emissions, the government also anticipates that these reductions would lessen high ozone occurrences and improve visibility. However, reducing local PM emissions would not decrease PM10 concentrations as much as expected since other significant sources, such as continental inflow and/or secondary formation from photochemical reactions, exist. This is corroborated by the fact that PM10 in the greater Seoul Metropolitan area during the ozone season is mostly in the form of PM2.5, which is secondarily formed on a regional scale. Furthermore, many modeling results indicate so-called ‘NOx disbenefits,’ referring to the fostering of an increase in ozone concentrations from a decrease in NOx emissions, over an extensive area. In this paper, the current status of air quality in the Seoul Metropolitan area is reviewed, and several other issues, including the effect of long-range transport, photochemical characteristics, and tasks for successful implementation of the Special Act are discussed.
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