춘추전국의 말듣기와 말하기 담론-수사학의 개화

Abstract

The discourse on words in the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period can be broadly categorized into discourse on words itself, discourse on listening and speaking, and discourse on polishing words. This article aims to lay the foundation for the study of Chinese rhetoric as polishing words by examining discussions on listening and speaking of the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. The discussion of listening to words is represented by "察言(examine the words)" and "知言(know the words)". The goal of 察言 and 知言 is "to understand the words". In this context, understanding the words is to grasp the surface meaning and the deep meaning which is the mind, intention and feeling of the speaker. Confucian School and Miscellaneous School, basically discussed listening to words in this context. Han Bijia(韓非子), a legalist, combined the art of ruling with the art of listening to words, which means to match words with the results of their execution. Speaking discourse in the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period can be broadly categorized into "愼言(to speak carefully)" and "無言(mute, not to speak)". The former encompasses the speaking styles of "訥言(stuttering)", "時言(to speak at the right time)", and "不言(not to speak unless it is appropriate)". This is the speaking, discourse that Confucian School, as well as Mohist School and Legalism School, had in common. "無言", which means "to speak without speaking", represents the speaking discourse of the Taoist School. These listening and speaking discourses indicate that Chinese rhetoric was in full swing in ancient China, at least during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, because listening and speaking are themselves part of the practice of rhetoric. In other words, rhetoric in the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period was no longer just in its infancy, but had entered a full-fledged stage, achieving a considerable degree of breadth and depth.