정서추론으로 살펴본 자폐, 정신지체 및 정상 아동의 틀린 믿음에 대한 이해
Autistic Children's Understanding of False Belief and Emotion
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초록
자폐아동이 마음상태를 고려하여 정서반응을 추론하는 능력에 결함을 가지고 있는지 알아보기 위해 자폐, 정신지체, 및 정상 3, 4, 5세 아동을 대상으로 연구하였다. 내용물 변화과제를 사용하여, A를 원하고 B를 원하지 않는 아동이 B 대신 A가 들어있는 A 상자를 열어보기 전에는 상자 안에 무엇이 들어있다고 생각할지(틀린믿음 질문), 기분이 어떨지(틀린믿음-정서 질문), 상자를 열어보고 난 후에는 기분이 어떨지(바람-정서 질문), 그리고 상자 안에 무엇이 들어있는지(실재 질문)를 질문하였다. 바람-정서 질문과 실재 질문에 대한 수행은 모든 집단에서 높았다. 이에 반해 틀린믿음 질문과 틀린믿음-정서 질문에 대한 수행은 5세집단과 정신지체집단에서는 높았고 자폐, 3세 및 4세 집단에서는 낮았다. 이는 바람에 기초하여 정서반응을 예측하는 것이 틀린 믿음에 기초하여 정서반응을 예측하는 것보다 일찍 발달하며, 3, 4세 아동과 자폐아동은 틀린 믿음을 이해하는 능력과 이에 기초하여 정서반응을 추론하는 능력이 부족함을 보여준다. 평균 언어정신연령을 일치시킨 자폐, 정신지체 및 정상 집단의 수행을 비교한 결과, 틀린믿음 질문과 틀린믿음-정서 질문에 대한 수행이 낮은 정도는 자폐집단에서 더 컸다. 이는 틀린 믿음을 추론하고 이를 토대로 정서반응을 예측할 수 있는 능력의 결함은 자폐증 고유의 결함임을 보여준다.
Abstract
The present study investigated autistic children's understanding of the impact of beliefs on emotion. Children watched animation characters who were given containers apparently containing an object they wanted but really containing an object they did not want, or vice versa. Each children were asked to predict the characters' false beliefs (false belief question), the characters' emotional reactions before they opened the containers (false belief-emotion question), the emotional reactions after they opened them (desire-emotion question), and finally they were asked about the real content (reality question). Children's correct responses on the desire-emotion and the reality questions were high across all groups. In contrast, the correct responses on the false belief questions and the false belief-emotion questions in normal 3-. 4-year-old and autistic groups were significantly lower than those in 5-year-old and mentally retarded groups. When the autistic, mentally retarded, and normal 5-year-old groups were closely matched for VMA, the autistic group, compared to the normal and mentally retarded groups, performed significantly worse on the false belief and false belief-emotion questions than on the desire-emotion questions. The results demonstrate that autistic children have a deficit in understanding of emotion caused by false beliefs, which required the understanding of representational mind.
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