응시 단서를 이용한 학령기 전 아동의 타인의 선호 이해
Preschoolers' ability to use gaze information when understanding others' preferences
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초록
본 연구는 응시시간(gaze duration) 정보를 이용하여 타인의 선호도를 이해할 수 있는 능력의 발달을 검증하는 두 개의 실험으로 구성되어 있다. 기존 연구는 만 5-6세 아동은 응시시간 단서를 이용하여 타인의 선호를 이해하지만 만 4세 아동은 그러지 못한다고 보고하고 있다(Einav & Hood, 2006; Montgomery, Bach, & Moran, 1998). 본 연구는 기존 연구의 실험 상황이 애매하거나 복잡하여 아동들이 이해의 어려움을 겪었을 가능성이 있다고 보고, 좀 더 명확하고 단순한 실험 상황을 이용하여 만 3.5세에서 4세 한국 아동들이 시선 길이를 사용하여 타인의 선호를 이해할 수 있는지를 밝혀 보고자 했다. 실험 1에는 만 4세 아동이, 실험 2에는 만 3.5세 아동이 참여하였다. 실험 1에서는 만 4세 여아들이 응시시간 단서를 이용하여 물건에 대한 주인공의 선호를 이해할 수 있었고, 실험 2에서는 만 3.5세의 아동들이 성별에 관계없이 응시시간 단서를 이용하여 타인의 선호도를 이해할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 기존 연구에서 밝혀진 것보다 더 어린 연령의 아동이 응시시간 단서를 이용하여 심리적 추론을 할 수 있는 것을 보이며, 이러한 연구 결과들 간의 차이를 설명할 수 있는 문화차나 실험 상황의 차이가 논의되었다.
Abstract
Previous research has shown that 5- to 6-year-olds, perhaps not younger children, can use the duration of eye gaze to understand others’ preferences(Einav & Hood, 2006; Montgomery, Bach, & Moran, 1998). However, the experimental situation used in the previous research might not have been ambiguous in terms of the ultimate goals of the actor's actions. Thus children might have had difficulty linking an actor's gazing behaviors and future action preferences. Therefore, we made a change in our experiment and aimed to further examine the nature of Korean preschoolers’ ability to use eye gaze duration when understanding others’ preferences. Four-year-old Korean children participated in study 1 and 3.5-year-olds in study 2. Both of the experiments demonstrated that 3.5-year-old and older Korean children can consider other people’s looking behavior, especially eye-gaze duration, as a cue to others’ preferences. Possible cultural and contextual factors are discussed to account for the discrepancy between our and previous findings.
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