앨리스 캘러한의 『숲의 아이, 와이니마』에 함축된 미국 원주민 개혁의 안과 밖
"In and out" of the Native American Reformation: S. Alice Callahan's Wynema: A Child of the Forest
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Abstract
Critics have interpreted S. Alice Callahan's Wynema: A Child of the Forest (1891) to advocate its contemporary American hegemonic policy to educate Native Americans with Western White culture to help them survive. This interpretation is based on the first half of Callahan's text where the main character Wynema, a full blood Muscogee girl, learns the White culture and happily marries a southern white gentleman, Robin. This interpretation, however, does not fully explain the latter half of the text where various Native American voices are randomly raised, creating polyphonic discourse embodying such Native American cultural inclination as the equal respect of all communal voices. In addition, the therapeutic and communal maternity as the basis of Callahan's discourse counters the reformist ideal which is grounded on the Western individualistic and competitive rationalism. Transgressing the White norm of writing and reflecting the Native American cultural distinctions, Callahan's Wynema should be considered to be the starting point of the Native American discourse, far ahead of Momaday's or Silko's writing.
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